Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which species of Leishmania is more commonly associated with densely populated areas?
Which species of Leishmania is more commonly associated with densely populated areas?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Leishmania amastigotes?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Leishmania amastigotes?
What type of lesions are commonly caused by Leishmania tropica and L.major?
What type of lesions are commonly caused by Leishmania tropica and L.major?
What is the incubation period of Leishmaniasis usually described as?
What is the incubation period of Leishmaniasis usually described as?
Signup and view all the answers
What typically happens to the lesion caused by Leishmania infection over time?
What typically happens to the lesion caused by Leishmania infection over time?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these statements is true regarding the differences between Leishmania tropica and L.major?
Which of these statements is true regarding the differences between Leishmania tropica and L.major?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the infection process when a sand fly bites a mammalian host?
What facilitates the infection process when a sand fly bites a mammalian host?
Signup and view all the answers
In diagnosing Leishmaniasis, what specifically facilitates the diagnosis?
In diagnosing Leishmaniasis, what specifically facilitates the diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What primary lesion occurs after inoculation by a sand fly's bite?
What primary lesion occurs after inoculation by a sand fly's bite?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species serves as a vector for Leishmania braziliensis?
Which species serves as a vector for Leishmania braziliensis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant secondary complication of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
What is a significant secondary complication of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What staining methods are used to visualize Leishmania in affected patients?
What staining methods are used to visualize Leishmania in affected patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term is NOT associated with Leishmania braziliensis infections?
Which term is NOT associated with Leishmania braziliensis infections?
Signup and view all the answers
How long can the primary lesion caused by L. braziliensis take to heal?
How long can the primary lesion caused by L. braziliensis take to heal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the invasion of Leishmania into the nasal system and buccal mucosa?
What is the result of the invasion of Leishmania into the nasal system and buccal mucosa?
Signup and view all the answers
What method is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of leishmaniasis?
What method is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of leishmaniasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method by which L. donovani parasites damage the reticuloendothelial (RE) system?
What is the primary method by which L. donovani parasites damage the reticuloendothelial (RE) system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common symptom during the late stages of L. donovani infection?
Which of the following is a common symptom during the late stages of L. donovani infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical incubation period for L. donovani infections in humans?
What is the typical incubation period for L. donovani infections in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What diagnostic method is primarily used to confirm L. donovani infection?
What diagnostic method is primarily used to confirm L. donovani infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe cases of L. donovani infection?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe cases of L. donovani infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes L. donovani from other diseases with similar symptoms during diagnosis?
What distinguishes L. donovani from other diseases with similar symptoms during diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is commonly administered for L. donovani infections?
Which treatment is commonly administered for L. donovani infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do neutrophils and eosinophils play in L. donovani infections?
What role do neutrophils and eosinophils play in L. donovani infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment for espundialike conditions?
What is the primary treatment for espundialike conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organism is primarily associated with visceral leishmaniasis?
Which organism is primarily associated with visceral leishmaniasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it challenging to control espundialike conditions?
Why is it challenging to control espundialike conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to Leishmania donovani when ingested by a sand fly?
What happens to Leishmania donovani when ingested by a sand fly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani?
What is a common characteristic of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of immunity is typically acquired after curing an infection by L. donovani?
What kind of immunity is typically acquired after curing an infection by L. donovani?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the method for diagnosing occult infections related to leishmaniasis?
What is the method for diagnosing occult infections related to leishmaniasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant complication associated with mucocutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis?
What is a significant complication associated with mucocutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Caused by Leishmania tropica and L. major
- Produces skin ulcers (oriental sore, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Jericho boil, Aleppo boil, Delhi boil)
- Found in West Central Africa, the Middle East, and Asia Minor into India
- Different reservoir and intermediate hosts for L. tropica and L. major
- Lesion severity varies by age and other factors
- Differentiated by biochemical means
Morphology and Life Cycle
- Amastigotes of L. tropica and L. major are similar to other leishmanias
- Intermediate hosts and vectors are sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus
- Parasites multiply in the midgut of the sand fly, then move to the pharynx
- Inoculated into mammalian victim, multiply in reticuloendothelial system and lymphoid cells of the skin
- Sand flies must feed near infection site to become infected
- Sand fly saliva contains low molecular weight compounds and peptides that facilitate infection
Pathogenesis
- Incubation period ranges from a few days to several months
- Initial symptom is a small red papule at the bite site
- Papule often crusts over and ulcerates
- Uncomplicated cases heal in 2-12 months, leaving a scar
- Secondary infections (yaws, myiasis) are common
Diagnosis
- Amastigotes are found in scrapings from the ulcer edge, stained with Wright's or Giemsa's stain
- Useful in endothelial cells and monocytes
- Cultures can be made if amastigotes aren't detected in smears
- Differentiate between L. tropica & L. major by lesion characteristics
Leishmania braziliensis
- Causes espundia, uta, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
- Found in Central Mexico to Northern Argentina
- Life cycle similar to L. donovani and L. tropica
- Promastigotes reproduce in sand fly hindgut; Lutzomyia species are vectors
- Lesion begins as a red papule, ulcerates, and heals in 6 to 15 months; secondary lesions are possible
- Secondary lesions involve nasal system, buccal mucosa; may cause necrosis and infection.
- Commonly affects lips, palate, and pharynx; disfigurement possible
- Infection may last many years
- Death from secondary infection or respiratory complications is possible
Diagnosis and Treatment
- L bodies identified in affected tissues
- Similar treatment to kala-azar and tropical sore: antimonial compounds applied/injected
- Secondary bacterial infections treated with antibiotics
- Mucocutaneous lesions often require extensive chemotherapy
- Relapse is possible, but lifelong immunity is usual once cured
- Control is difficult given sylvatic nature
Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Caused by Leishmania donovani
- Discovered in 1900 by Sir William Leishman in spleen samples
- Also called Dum-Dum fever or kala-azar
- Leishman-Donovan bodies are the amastigote forms
Morphology and Life Cycle
- Amastigotes cannot be distinguished from other Leishmania spp.
- Ovoid or rounded shape, 2-3 µm
- Found in cells of the reticuloendothelial system (spleen, liver, lymph nodes)
- Life cycle similar to L. tropica, but predominantly visceral
- Amastigotes multiply in the midgut, reaching the esophagus and buccal cavity to be injected
Pathogenesis
- Infections range from asymptomatic to progressive kala-azar
- Incubation in humans from 10 days to a year
- Typical symptoms: slow onset, low-grade fever, malaise, wasting, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
- Death in untreated cases in 2-3 years
- Some cases have acute onset, with high fever, vomiting
- Death within 6-12 months with complications
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis relies on finding L-D bodies in tissues or secretions
- Spleen punctures, blood smears, bone marrow examination
- Antibody tests (ELISA, IFA) to differentiate from other diseases
- Treatment involves injections of antimony compounds
- Secondary infections require antibiotics
- Nursing care is essential
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the causes, morphology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, specifically focusing on Leishmania tropica and L. major. Learn about the vectors involved, the lesion severity, and the disease's geographic distribution. Test your understanding of this important parasitic infection.
