Culture, Society, and Politics

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Questions and Answers

In the context of Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, what does 'articulate observations on human cultural variation' primarily involve?

  • Assuming one's own culture is superior.
  • Adopting foreign cultural practices without critique.
  • Ignoring differences to promote global unity.
  • Analyzing and expressing viewpoints on differences in cultural practices. (correct)

Which academic discipline focuses on understanding what it means to be human and why people are all different?

  • Political Science
  • Sociology
  • Anthropology (correct)
  • Economics

What role does culture play in shaping an individual's identity, according to the study of sociology?

  • Culture provides a framework of values and practices that significantly influence identity formation. (correct)
  • Identity is solely determined by genetic factors.
  • Culture dictates every aspect of an individual's identity without personal choice.
  • Culture has no significant impact on personal identity.

In political science, what is the central question when examining 'authority'?

<p>Who has the right to make decisions and enforce rules. (A)</p>
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Which of the following best describes 'culture' according to the provided materials?

<p>The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or social group. (D)</p>
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How do material and non-material aspects of culture differ?

<p>Material culture is tangible and physical, while non-material culture consists of ideas and beliefs. (B)</p>
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Which of the following examples best demonstrates material culture?

<p>Architectural styles of houses (A)</p>
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What is the significance of 'Bayanihan' in Filipino culture?

<p>It symbolizes the spirit of communal unity and cooperation, especially during crises. (B)</p>
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If culture is described as 'integrated,' what does this imply?

<p>Changes in one aspect of culture will likely affect other aspects. (B)</p>
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How does 'cultural relativism' influence how we understand other cultures?

<p>It promotes understanding cultures based on their own standards and context. (B)</p>
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What is 'culture lag' and how does it affect society?

<p>The inability of a society to adapt quickly to changes in another culture, leading to social disruption. (A)</p>
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Which mode of acquiring culture involves teaching culture through formal training?

<p>Indoctrination (A)</p>
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What concept explains the modification of culture by adapting to new cultural influences?

<p>Acculturation (C)</p>
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How does 'cultural variation' manifest across different societies?

<p>Differences in social behaviors, food, religion, clothing and customs. (C)</p>
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If a society values conformity and adherence to traditional roles, how might this affect individual social status?

<p>It might provide clearer paths to social recognition for those who fulfill expected roles. (C)</p>
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What is the primary difference between 'sex' and 'gender' as social differences?

<p>Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender involves attributes shaped by culture and society. (C)</p>
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How do gender roles influence social differences in a community?

<p>They define expected behaviors based on sex, influencing opportunities and treatment. (B)</p>
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What factors define 'socio-economic class' as a form of social difference?

<p>The high, middle, and low-income classes. (D)</p>
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Which concept is most closely related to a shared culture, language, and history within a group?

<p>Ethnicity (C)</p>
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According to Dahl's definition, what is the essence of 'power' in a political context?

<p>The ability of one to exert influence towards another. (D)</p>
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What is the origin of the word 'politics'?

<p>Greek word 'Polis' meaning 'city-state'. (A)</p>
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What best defines 'legitimate power' as a source of authority?

<p>Power obtained through legal processes and organizational structures. (C)</p>
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How does 'economic power' influence political dynamics?

<p>It enables influence through financial means. (B)</p>
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When a leader gains power by earning genuine and widespread support from the population, what type of power is being demonstrated?

<p>Referent power (D)</p>
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What is the key characteristic of 'coercive power'?

<p>It utilizes force and violence to exert influence. (C)</p>
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How does 'political variation' differ among social groups?

<p>It arises from differing interests and perspectives based on social group affiliation. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is the best example of non-material culture?

<p>The values and beliefs about a country's founding fathers. (D)</p>
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What is the most likely consequence of a society prioritizing ethnocentrism over cultural relativism in international relations?

<p>Potential for cultural misunderstandings and conflicts. (D)</p>
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What would be the most likely outcome if a country with a collectivist culture were to suddenly adopt policies promoting extreme individualism?

<p>Potential social disruption due to conflict with existing cultural values. (A)</p>
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In a society undergoing rapid technological advancement, how does culture lag most significantly affect social norms?

<p>It leads to a delay in adapting ethical and social norms to technological changes, possibly causing ethical dilemmas. (B)</p>
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How might amalgamation, as a mode of acquiring culture, affect the genetic and cultural diversity of a population over time?

<p>It contributes to a more diverse genetic pool and blending of cultural practices. (D)</p>
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If a country’s political system emphasizes referent power, what would be the most crucial attribute for a political leader to possess?

<p>The ability to inspire and gain widespread support. (C)</p>
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How might a society's views on gender roles impact the socio-economic status of its female population?

<p>Strict gender roles may limit women's access to education and high-paying jobs. (B)</p>
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A country implements a new policy that favors one ethnic group over others. How would this action be described in terms of social difference and political variation?

<p>Reinforcement of ethnic-based social differences and political favoring of a group. (C)</p>
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If a political leader primarily uses coercive power, what impact might this have on the political culture of a nation?

<p>Suppression of dissent and decreased political participation. (A)</p>
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How does understanding the sources of power (economic, legitimate, referent, expert, coercive) assist in analyzing political stability or instability within a country?

<p>They help identify which groups have more influence and how they maintain authority, affecting stability. (B)</p>
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How does the concept of 'political variation' challenge the idea of a homogenous national identity?

<p>It acknowledges diverse social groups with differing political perspectives within the same nation. (C)</p>
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Flashcards

What is Culture?

A set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization or Set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group

Material Culture

Physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

Non-Material Culture

Ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics, and attitudes of a society.

Bayanihan

A traditional Filipino value that refers to the spirit of communal unity and cooperation.

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Culture is Learned

Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.

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Culture is Integrated

Culture functions as a cohesive whole.

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Culture is Shared

Culture is a collective attribute of society whose members share it.

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Culture is Dynamic

Culture evolves over time.

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Culture is Symbolic

Culture uses symbols to convey meaning.

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Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

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Xenocentrism

The belief that foreign cultures are superior.

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Cultural Relativism

Culture should be judged based on its own standards.

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Culture Lag

When society cannot catch up with the changes.

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Culture Shock

The feeling of disorientation when experiencing a new culture.

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Imitation

Duplicating the behavior of others.

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Indoctrination

Teaching of culture through formal training.

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Conditioning

Acquisition of certain parts of another culture.

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Acculturation

Modification of culture.

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Amalgamation

Intermarriage between two different cultural groups.

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Cultural Variation

Differences in social behaviors that cultures exhibit around the world.

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Sex

Refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish a male from a female.

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Gender

Attributes are shaped by the economy, religion, culture and traditional values to which an individual belongs.

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Gender Roles

Refer attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person based on his/her sex.

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Ethnicity

Refers to the ethnic group who have common culture, language and history.

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Socio-Economic Class

The high income, the middle income and the low-income class.

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Race

Refers to the group of people who shared inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features and body structure

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Politics Definition

Derived from the Greek word 'Polis' which means 'city-state'.

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What is Power?

The ability of one to exert influence towards another.

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Economic power

Ability to exert influence on others through economic or financial means.

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Legitimate Power

Power acquired through the legal process in an organization or system.

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Referent Power

Power acquired through creating genuine and mass support from the people.

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Expert Power

Expertise and specialized knowledge of a group or an individual that influences the other.

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Coercive Power

Power that utilizes force and violence to exert influence towards the people.

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Political Variations

Refers to political position based on the interests and perspective of social groups

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Study Notes

Culture, Society, and Politics

  • Weekly objective: Articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities.

Significance

  • Anthropology (Culture) explores the meaning of being human and the reasons for human differences.
  • Sociology (Society) considers the role of culture in one's identity and the functions of the family as a social institution.
  • Politics (Political Identities) examines the concept of authority and the key challenges a country faces.

What is Culture?

  • Culture includes shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterize an institution or organization
  • Culture is a set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group.

Categories of Culture

  • Material : Physical objects etc, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture like food, clothing and shelter
  • Non-Material: Ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics, and attitudes of a society.

Bayanihan: A Filipino Tradition

  • Bayanihan is a traditional Filipino value which refers to community unity and cooperation
  • It reflects the Filipinos' strong sense of community and cooperation, especially in times of crisis
  • It emphasizes working together towards a common goal.

Characteristics of Culture

  • Culture is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated and dynamic.

Cultural Concepts

  • Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior.
  • Xenocentrism: The belief that a foreign culture is superior.
  • Cultural Relativism: Culture is judged based on its own standards.
  • Culture Lag: Society's inability to adapt to another culture.
  • Culture Shock: Experiencing shock towards another culture.

Modes of Acquiring Culture

  • Imitation: Duplicating the behavior of others
  • Indoctrination: Teaching of culture through formal training.
  • Conditioning: Acquiring certain parts of another culture.
  • Acculturation: Modification of culture
  • Amalgamation: Intermarriage between two different cultural groups.

Cultural Variation

  • Cultural variation includes differences in social behaviors that cultures exhibit around the world.
  • Religion, food, clothing, features, and social status.

Social Difference

  • Sex: Biological characteristics differentiating male from female
  • Gender: Attributes shaped by the economy, religion, culture, and traditional values
  • Gender Roles: Attitudes and behaviors society expects based on a person’s sex
  • Ethnicity: Refers to the ethnic group with common culture, language, and history.
  • Socio-Economic Class: The high, middle, and low-income classes.
  • Race: A group sharing inherited physical characteristics like skin color, facial features, and body structure.

Politics

  • Politics derived from the Greek word 'Polis',which means 'city-state'
  • Politics is the study of Power and Governance

Power

  • Power is the ability of one to exert influence towards another
  • Economic Power: Ability to exert influence through economic or financial means.
  • Legitimate Power: Power acquired through legal processes in an organization or system.
  • Referent Power: Power acquired through creating genuine mass support from the people.
  • Expert Power: Expertise and specialized knowledge of a group or individual that influences others.
  • Coercive Power: Power that utilizes force and violence to exert influence.

Political Variation

  • Political Variation refers to a political position based on the interests and perspective of social groups

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