Culture and Individual Participation

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of individuals within a culture?

They are completely different from one another

They have no cultural context

They embody all the characteristics of a particular culture

They participate in shared values or behavior to varying degrees (correct)

What is the primary focus of cultural psychologists?

To identify commonalities and contrasts across cultures

To study socio-economic factors

To develop cultural competence

To understand how individual psychological processes are shaped by cultural context (correct)

What defines a particular culture?

A particular society or community

A group of people with similar ethnicity

A set of shared values and tradition

A set of rules that govern behavior (correct)

What is the approach to cross-cultural psychology that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures?

An etic perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of how cultural context affects psychological processes?

Cross-cultural psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of learning and adapting to a new culture?

Enculturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to cross-cultural research that involves studying a particular culture from within?

An emic perspective Signup and view all the answers

How many categories did Goldberger and Veroff use to describe approaches to cultural research?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What has been challenged by Aboriginal people in recent decades?

The dominant 'white' view of Australia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that has helped Torres Strait Islanders maintain their cultural practices?

The retention of their language Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the unique cultures of Torres Strait Islanders?

Ailan Kaston Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'Maori' originally derived from?

A word that meant 'original' Signup and view all the answers

What are the sub-tribal groupings of Maori tribes known as?

Hapu Signup and view all the answers

What was the strongest force in Maori life?

Tapu Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for Maori facial and body tattooing?

Ta moko Signup and view all the answers

What are the two fundamental assumptions in psychology that exclude indigenous people and realities?

Individualism and universality Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the unique cultures of Torres Strait Islanders, particularly the lack of division between spiritual and secular life?

Ailan Kaston Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant view of Australia that Aboriginal people have started to challenge?

The 'white' view Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes enculturation?

The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is time divided into linear segments where deadlines are strictly adhered to?

Monochronic Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the approaches to cultural research nominated by Goldberger and Veroff?

The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly match the types of cultures with their approach to time?

Polychronic; fluid time Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the sense of disillusionment and even hostility experienced during culture shock?

Disenchantment Signup and view all the answers

What is the final phase of culture shock called?

Effective functioning Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is closely linked to the notion of multiculturalism and supports the coexistence of different cultural groups?

Pluralism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of stereotyping that involves recognizing dissimilarity within one's own cultural group but assuming members of other groups all act the same?

Assuming homogeneity in other groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the approach to reduce prejudice by fostering interactions between people from different groups?

Contact hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which phase entails the initial euphoria experienced in a new cultural environment according to the phases of culture shock?

Honeymoon phase Signup and view all the answers

Having an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group is defined as:

prejudice Signup and view all the answers

The key to Aboriginal identity is most closely associated with:

the land Signup and view all the answers

For Australian Aboriginals, art is considered:

both spiritual and functional Signup and view all the answers

The apparently scientific basis used to justify the eventual extinction of Aboriginal people in the mid-19th century was:

social Darwinism Signup and view all the answers

During the period between the 1950s and 1970s, Australia saw a shift towards:

assimilation Signup and view all the answers

At the time of British arrival in Australia, the number of separate Aboriginal languages was estimated at:

250 Signup and view all the answers

Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

'The Stolen Generation' refers to:

Aboriginal children forcibly taken from their families Signup and view all the answers

The motivation behind the forcible removal of Indigenous Australian children from their families was:

both saving the children and assimilation Signup and view all the answers

In recent decades, Aboriginal people have started:

assimilating more into white culture Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that language influences thought patterns?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on how language contributes to the construction of people's realities?

Discursive psychology Signup and view all the answers

What nonverbal behavior refers to the use of touch in communication?

Haptics Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules called that govern the behaviors of a group for coexistence and survival?

Culture Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the differences in the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions?

Cultural display rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for how close people stand when talking within their intimate space?

Conversational distance Signup and view all the answers

What is a culture called where individual attributes are prioritized over the group?

Individualistic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the anxiety experienced when adapting to a new culture?

Culture shock Signup and view all the answers

What kind of acculturation involves bicultural competence?

Alternation Signup and view all the answers

What defines our sense of belonging to a larger social group?

Social identity Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when people from differing cultures engage in increased contact?

It helps to break down barriers or prejudices Signup and view all the answers

What feeling arises when individuals from one culture adapt to the customs of another culture?

culture shock Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of culture shock is described as the initial stage?

Honeymoon Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of acculturation identified by LaFromboise, Coleman, and Gerton?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

In multicultural societies like Australia and New Zealand, how do many groups define themselves?

By ethnic identity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the biological attributes that differentiate men from women?

Sex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for fear or hatred based on broad cultural stereotypes?

Xenophobia Signup and view all the answers

How were the attitudes of Australian university students towards Asians described?

Cultural stereotypes Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for a person's own culture to influence their worldview known as?

Ethnocentrism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best represents the concept of shared cultural traits like language or religion within an ethnic group?

Ethnic identity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Culture and Psychology

Definition of Culture

Culture refers to shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that distinguish members of one group from members of others.
It is learned, perhaps subconsciously, and shapes one's awareness of the world around them.
Culture is defined as the shared rules that govern the behavior of a group of people and enable its members to coexist and survive.

Characteristics of Culture

Culture is not homogeneous, meaning individuals and groups within a culture may differ in the extent to which they participate in shared values or behaviors.
No individual embodies all the characteristics that are said to relate to a particular culture.

Types of Psychology

Cross-cultural psychology: aims to identify commonalities and contrasts across cultures.
Cultural psychology: emphasizes the belief that individual psychological processes are shaped by cultural context.

Approaches to Cultural Research

Emic perspective: applies a particular theory to an individual culture.
Etic perspective: searches for commonalities or differences across cultures.

Acculturation

Acculturation: the process of absorbing and internalizing the rules of a culture.
Types of acculturation: assimilation, acculturation, fusion, alternation, and multiculturalism.

Culture Shock

Culture shock: the feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs when people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules, and expectations of another culture.
Phases of culture shock: honeymoon, disenchantment, beginning resolution, and effective functioning.

Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism: supports the coexistence of different cultural groups and their rights to retain their cultural heritage.
Pluralism: incorporates the rights of ethnic groups to maintain their cultural heritage.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotypes: generalized views that we hold about particular groups of people.
Prejudice: having an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group of people.
Xenophobia: fear or hatred of foreigners or anything foreign and unfamiliar.

Aboriginal Culture

Key to Aboriginal identity: the land.
Aboriginal art: considered both spiritual and functional.
Social Darwinism: the belief that Aboriginal people would eventually become extinct.

Torres Strait Islanders

Unique cultural practices: "Ailan Kaston" (island custom).
Retention of language: helped in the passing down of stories and histories from one generation to the next.
Maori language: originally meant "natural" or "original".
Sub-tribal groupings: hapu.

Maori Culture

Maori identity: originally not a united force, but rather separate iwi (tribes).
Tikanga: rules outlining the correct ways to behave.
Tapu: sacredness.
Ta moko: facial and body tattooing.

Psychology and Indigenous People

Two fundamental assumptions in psychology that exclude indigenous people and realities: individualism and universality.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: people who speak different languages think differently and conceive the world differently.

Communication

Nonverbal behaviors: include haptics (use of touch to accompany communication) and chronemics (use of time in communication).
Discursive psychology: treats spoken and written text as contributing to the construction of people's realities.

Intercultural Communication

Cultural display rules: describe differences in the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions.
Conversational distance: an aspect of intimate space that refers to how close people stand when talking.### Cultural Differences and Identity
Physical proximity when talking varies across cultures, with some cultures valuing close proximity and others reserving it for intimate relationships.
Individualistic cultures prioritize individual identity and needs over group needs, defining individuals by their attributes.

Acculturation and Culture Shock

Culture shock is the feeling of disorientation and anxiety experienced when adapting to a new culture, triggered by differences in language, social structures, and daily life.
Alternation is a form of acculturation that involves bicultural competence, allowing individuals to switch between their traditional culture and mainstream culture.

Social identity refers to a person's sense of belonging to a larger social group sharing values, meanings, and goals, which helps define their place in the world and satisfies their need to belong.
Social identity enables individuals to feel a shared sense of difference from others and connects them with other group members.

Prejudice and Stereotyping

Prejudice is an unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group, often based on group membership rather than individual characteristics.

Indigenous Australian History

The term "terra nullius" describes the land inhabited by the Aboriginal people at the time of European occupation, which was assumed to be unowned and open to British claim.
The Mabo decision of 1993 set aside the principle of terra nullius, recognizing the native title rights of the Mer islanders and other Indigenous Australians to their traditional land.

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Description

Quiz about the characteristics of culture and how individuals participate in shared values and behaviors. Explore the differences within a culture and the rules that govern group behavior.