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Questions and Answers
What is a subculture?
What is a subculture?
What is an example of a subculture?
What is an example of a subculture?
What is a counterculture?
What is a counterculture?
What is cultural relativism?
What is cultural relativism?
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What is ethnocentrism?
What is ethnocentrism?
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Who introduced the term ethnocentrism?
Who introduced the term ethnocentrism?
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What type of mechanism is a sanction?
What type of mechanism is a sanction?
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Who coined the term 'McDonaldization'?
Who coined the term 'McDonaldization'?
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What is the primary goal of the 'Efficiency' principle in McDonaldization?
What is the primary goal of the 'Efficiency' principle in McDonaldization?
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What does the principle of 'Calculability' focus on?
What does the principle of 'Calculability' focus on?
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What is the main goal of the 'Predictability' principle in McDonaldization?
What is the main goal of the 'Predictability' principle in McDonaldization?
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How is control exerted over employees and customers in McDonaldization?
How is control exerted over employees and customers in McDonaldization?
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What do scientists study in biological evolution?
What do scientists study in biological evolution?
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What is the primary cause of sociocultural evolution?
What is the primary cause of sociocultural evolution?
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What is the primary source of food for early humans during the Paleolithic period?
What is the primary source of food for early humans during the Paleolithic period?
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What is the name of the period that occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods?
What is the name of the period that occurred between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods?
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What tools were used by early humans during the Paleolithic period?
What tools were used by early humans during the Paleolithic period?
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What is the time period of the Paleolithic Age?
What is the time period of the Paleolithic Age?
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What was the primary source of food during the Mesolithic period?
What was the primary source of food during the Mesolithic period?
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What marked the significant shift in human society during the Neolithic period?
What marked the significant shift in human society during the Neolithic period?
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Who argued that human society undergoes transformation and evolution, leading to technological advancement?
Who argued that human society undergoes transformation and evolution, leading to technological advancement?
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What is the characteristic of Horticultural and Pastoral Societies?
What is the characteristic of Horticultural and Pastoral Societies?
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What is the result of agriculture in societies, according to the text?
What is the result of agriculture in societies, according to the text?
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What replaced the old barter system, according to the text?
What replaced the old barter system, according to the text?
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What was a primary consequence of increasing population sizes in early communities?
What was a primary consequence of increasing population sizes in early communities?
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Why did early civilizations often emerge near rivers?
Why did early civilizations often emerge near rivers?
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Which river did the Mesopotamian Civilization emerge near?
Which river did the Mesopotamian Civilization emerge near?
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What was a notable feature of the Indus Valley Civilization?
What was a notable feature of the Indus Valley Civilization?
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Why did the development of social structures occur in early communities?
Why did the development of social structures occur in early communities?
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What was a result of rising conflicts in early communities?
What was a result of rising conflicts in early communities?
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Study Notes
Cultural Variation
- Subculture: a smaller culture within the dominant culture of a society, having its own beliefs, interests, and means of interaction, while sharing certain elements of the dominant culture.
- Examples of subcultures: sports fans, teen subculture, LGBTQIA+ subculture.
Counterculture
- A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the dominant culture, with its own norms, values, and beliefs that may challenge or contradict the widely accepted culture of the society.
- Example: ultraconservative groups, such as terrorist organizations and private militia groups.
Cultural Relativism
- The idea that other cultures must be understood based on their people's own experiences and standards.
Ethnocentrism
- Judging a culture using the viewer's own beliefs, behaviors, values, and traditions, often viewing their own culture as superior to that of others.
- Associated with racism, stereotyping, and xenophobia.
- Introduced by American political scientist William Graham Sumner in his book Folkways (1906).
Sanction
- A mechanism of external social control, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishments).
McDonaldization
- The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant, particularly McDonald's, come to dominate various sectors of society, including both public and private life.
- Four key principles: Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, and Control.
Mesolithic Period
- A period between 10,000 to 5,000 BCE, characterized by the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming communities.
- Humans started to practice limited agriculture and fishing, and established semipermanent campsites near water sources.
Neolithic Period
- A period between 10,000 BCE and the advent of metalworking, around 4,000 to 2,000 BCE, characterized by the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming communities.
- Marked a significant shift in human society, with the development of social hierarchies, specialized occupations, trade networks, and the emergence of early forms of governance.
Sociopolitical Evolution
- The process of restructuring society to address the growing needs and complexities of early communities, as argued by Gerhard Lenski.
- 5 types of societies: Hunting and gathering, Horticultural and Pastoral, Agrarian, Industrial, and Post-industrial.
Sociopolitical Evolution Stages
- Hunting and gathering societies: the oldest and most basic way to economic subsistence.
- Horticultural and Pastoral societies: large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.
- Agrarian societies: agriculture raises men to a position of social dominance, leading to sociopolitical evolution.
Early Civilizations
- Typically emerged near rivers, which provided a reliable source of water for agriculture and supported the growth of large populations.
- Examples: Mesopotamian Civilization, Egyptian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization.
Biological Evolution
- The study of changes in the physical body of humans, such as changes in shape and size of bones, brain, dentition, and fingers.
Sociocultural Evolution
- The changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture, resulting from human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase.
- Three periods: Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age.
Paleolithic Age
- The Old Stone Age, lasted from around 2.6 million years ago to about 10,000 BCE.
- Characterized by early humans being primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for survival.
Mesolithic Age
- The Middle Stone Age, occurred between the end of the Paleolithic period and the beginning of the Neolithic period, around 10,000 to 5,000 BCE.
- Humans started to settle in more permanent locations, establishing semipermanent campsites near water sources, and practicing limited agriculture and fishing.
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Description
Explore the concept of subculture, a smaller culture within a dominant society. Learn about examples of subcultures, including sports fans, teen groups, and LGBTQIA+, and how they interact with the dominant culture.
