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Questions and Answers
A society that builds greenhouses to grow crops is most likely demonstrating which orientation towards nature?
A society that builds greenhouses to grow crops is most likely demonstrating which orientation towards nature?
Which time orientation emphasizes long-term goals and systematic planning?
Which time orientation emphasizes long-term goals and systematic planning?
A culture that emphasizes promotions and rewards as a management approach is most likely a:
A culture that emphasizes promotions and rewards as a management approach is most likely a:
In individualistic cultures, what is typically considered a sign of weakness?
In individualistic cultures, what is typically considered a sign of weakness?
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Individuals in a collectivist culture typically define themselves by:
Individuals in a collectivist culture typically define themselves by:
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Which of the following best describes the communication style in collectivist societies?
Which of the following best describes the communication style in collectivist societies?
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In the context of time orientation, an historian is more aligned with which time perspective?
In the context of time orientation, an historian is more aligned with which time perspective?
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Which of the following best describes a culture that prioritizes spontaneous events and relationships?
Which of the following best describes a culture that prioritizes spontaneous events and relationships?
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In a hierarchical group structure, how is leadership primarily determined?
In a hierarchical group structure, how is leadership primarily determined?
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Which approach to nature involves accepting conditions with minimal modifications, like adapting agriculture to existing soil?
Which approach to nature involves accepting conditions with minimal modifications, like adapting agriculture to existing soil?
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What is a key characteristic of 'fine-mesh' cultural structures according to David Pinto?
What is a key characteristic of 'fine-mesh' cultural structures according to David Pinto?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individualistic societies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individualistic societies?
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If a person considers their profession and accomplishments when defining themselves, they likely belong to what type of culture?
If a person considers their profession and accomplishments when defining themselves, they likely belong to what type of culture?
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In collectivist societies, what is the primary focus when making decisions?
In collectivist societies, what is the primary focus when making decisions?
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What is a typical way that criticism is delivered in collectivist cultures?
What is a typical way that criticism is delivered in collectivist cultures?
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According to the content, which cultures generally view private spaces as a sign of respect?
According to the content, which cultures generally view private spaces as a sign of respect?
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In individualistic cultures, what is the preferred style of communication?
In individualistic cultures, what is the preferred style of communication?
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A society that emphasizes achievement, competition and material success is considered what?
A society that emphasizes achievement, competition and material success is considered what?
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In a feminine society, what is most valued in education?
In a feminine society, what is most valued in education?
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Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a high uncertainty avoidance culture?
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a high uncertainty avoidance culture?
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What is a common behavior observed in job applications from individuals in a masculine society?
What is a common behavior observed in job applications from individuals in a masculine society?
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How are gender roles typically viewed in feminine societies?
How are gender roles typically viewed in feminine societies?
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Which of the following values are characteristics of a feminine society?
Which of the following values are characteristics of a feminine society?
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In a society that views human nature as inherently evil, which of the following management theories is most likely to be adopted?
In a society that views human nature as inherently evil, which of the following management theories is most likely to be adopted?
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According to Pinto's Three-Step Method, what is the first step to overcoming intercultural communication obstacles?
According to Pinto's Three-Step Method, what is the first step to overcoming intercultural communication obstacles?
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Which of the following best describes a society with low power distance, according to Hofstede's dimensions?
Which of the following best describes a society with low power distance, according to Hofstede's dimensions?
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In collectivist societies, which of the following is MOST emphasized?
In collectivist societies, which of the following is MOST emphasized?
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Which of Pinto's three steps helps address the problem of projecting one's own norms onto others?
Which of Pinto's three steps helps address the problem of projecting one's own norms onto others?
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How would a society with high power distance tend to express its opinions?
How would a society with high power distance tend to express its opinions?
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According to the content, which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of individualistic societies?
According to the content, which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of individualistic societies?
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Based on Hofstede's power distance dimension, which action would demonstrate a high power distance perspective in a workplace?
Based on Hofstede's power distance dimension, which action would demonstrate a high power distance perspective in a workplace?
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Which characteristic is most associated with long-term orientation?
Which characteristic is most associated with long-term orientation?
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In cultures with low uncertainty avoidance, which behavior is more likely?
In cultures with low uncertainty avoidance, which behavior is more likely?
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What is a characteristic of societies with short-term orientation?
What is a characteristic of societies with short-term orientation?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of indulgence?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of indulgence?
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Which region is less likely to exhibit low uncertainty avoidance?
Which region is less likely to exhibit low uncertainty avoidance?
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Cultures characterized by restraint are most likely to exhibit which trait?
Cultures characterized by restraint are most likely to exhibit which trait?
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In terms of workplace values, which motivates employees in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance?
In terms of workplace values, which motivates employees in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance?
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What is a common societal value in cultures with long-term orientation?
What is a common societal value in cultures with long-term orientation?
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Study Notes
Chapter 3: Working with Kluckhohn's Variations in Value Orientations
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Relationship with Nature: Societies approach nature differently, impacting their solutions to daily challenges.
- Dominating Nature: Adapt the environment to meet needs, like greenhouses and conflict resolution. (Examples: Netherlands, UAE)
- Harmony with Nature: Adapt to nature without drastic changes, like planting seasonal crops. (Examples: Costa Rica, Norway)
- Subjugated to Nature: Accept and adapt passively; accept conflicts and circumstances. (Examples: Philippines, Maldives)
Time Orientation
- Cultural perspectives on time influence planning and priorities.
- Past-Oriented: Value traditions and historical continuity. Past is important for assessing the significance of a matter.
- Present-Oriented: Focus on short-term goals and living in the moment. Past is still relevant, but less compared to the present.
- Future-Oriented: Emphasize long-term goals and systematic planning. Time perspectives vary within cultures based on factors like profession, region, and age. (e.g., Economists are future-oriented while museums are past-oriented).
Doing or Being Cultures
- Doing Cultures: Task-oriented, prioritize achievement, focus on results metrics. (Examples: USA, China). They set goals, act, and use parameters to measure outcomes.
- Being Cultures: Relationship-focused, prioritize enjoyment and spontaneity. Focus on experiences and flow of ideas. (Examples: Indonesia, Mexico).
Individualism and Collectivism
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Cultural Organization: Cultures are categorized based on their preferred form of social organization and preferred way of interacting in society.
- Individualism: Prioritize independence, self-reliance, and personal achievements. Relationships are secondary to personal goals. Communication is direct and low-context, focusing on clarity and honesty. (Examples: Netherlands, USA)
- Collectivism: Value interdependence, belonging, and responsibility towards the group. Group welfare takes precedence over personal goals. Communication is indirect and high-context, focusing on maintaining harmony and avoiding conflict. (Examples: Many Asian, African, Middle Eastern, Latin American cultures)
Chapter 4: Working with Hofstede's Six Dimensions of Culture
Power Distance
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Power Distance: Degree to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept that power is distributed unequally.
- Low Power Distance: Value equality and open expression. (Examples: Netherlands, Scandinavia)
- Medium Power Distance: Mix of equality and hierarchy. (Examples: France, Poland)
- High Power Distance: Accept hierarchies; express opinions respectfully and indirectly. (Examples: Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe)
Individualism and Collectivism (revisited)
- Individualistic Cultures: Loose ties, responsible for themselves and their immediate families. Prioritize being independent and speaking their minds.
- Collectivist Cultures: Strong group bonds, responsibility for the group. Loyal to the group ahead of their self-interest. Avoid direct criticism.
Masculinity and Femininity
- Masculine Societies: Value assertiveness, achievement, success, and competition. Gender roles are strictly divided. Men are assertive and competitive; women are more tender and life-quality-oriented.
- Feminine Societies: Value modesty, care, and quality of life. Gender roles overlap, men and women are expected to be tender and life-quality-oriented.
Uncertainty Avoidance
- High Uncertainty Avoidance: Cultures prefer predictability, rules, and structured environments. Value stability in jobs, relationships, and life in general. (Examples: Latin America, Latin Europe, German-speaking countries)
- Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Cultures accept uncertainty, flexibility, and creativity. Frequent job changes are common. (Examples: Anglo-Saxon countries)
Long-Term Orientation (LTO)
- Long-Term Orientation: Emphasize perseverance, thrift, and future rewards. Focus on the long-term benefits of decisions and actions.
- Short-Term Orientation: Prioritize fulfilling social obligations, traditions, and immediate results. Importance placed on immediate gratification and achieving quick results.
Indulgence and Restraint
- Indulgence: Cultures that value enjoying life, freedom, and fun. Strong emphasis on leisure activities and personal satisfaction. Correlates with happiness and larger families.
- Restraint: Cultures that regulate desires, prioritize discipline, and have a strong emphasis on maintaining social order. Associated with pessimism and strong social norms.
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