ICC Chapter 3 and 4 summary
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Questions and Answers

A society that builds greenhouses to grow crops is most likely demonstrating which orientation towards nature?

  • In harmony with nature
  • Dominating nature (correct)
  • Subjugated to nature
  • Ignoring nature

Which time orientation emphasizes long-term goals and systematic planning?

  • Future-oriented (correct)
  • Present-oriented
  • Past-oriented
  • Cyclical-oriented

A culture that emphasizes promotions and rewards as a management approach is most likely a:

  • Doing culture (correct)
  • Collectivist culture
  • Individualistic culture
  • Being culture

In individualistic cultures, what is typically considered a sign of weakness?

<p>Dependence on others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals in a collectivist culture typically define themselves by:

<p>Their societal roles and group memberships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the communication style in collectivist societies?

<p>Indirect and high-context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of time orientation, an historian is more aligned with which time perspective?

<p>Past oriented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a culture that prioritizes spontaneous events and relationships?

<p>A being culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hierarchical group structure, how is leadership primarily determined?

<p>Through natural or societal order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to nature involves accepting conditions with minimal modifications, like adapting agriculture to existing soil?

<p>Subjugated to nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of 'fine-mesh' cultural structures according to David Pinto?

<p>Strict, detailed rules for behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individualistic societies?

<p>Strong group affiliations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person considers their profession and accomplishments when defining themselves, they likely belong to what type of culture?

<p>An individualistic culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist societies, what is the primary focus when making decisions?

<p>The group’s best interest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical way that criticism is delivered in collectivist cultures?

<p>Subtly or indirectly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which cultures generally view private spaces as a sign of respect?

<p>Northern European and North American cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In individualistic cultures, what is the preferred style of communication?

<p>Direct and low-context communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A society that emphasizes achievement, competition and material success is considered what?

<p>A masculine society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a feminine society, what is most valued in education?

<p>The average student, with an emphasis on inclusivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a high uncertainty avoidance culture?

<p>A strong preference for predictability, rules, and structured environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior observed in job applications from individuals in a masculine society?

<p>Exaggerated achievements and competitive self-promotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are gender roles typically viewed in feminine societies?

<p>Overlapping, with both men and women expected to be tender and life-quality-oriented (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following values are characteristics of a feminine society?

<p>Modesty, care and a balanced quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a society that views human nature as inherently evil, which of the following management theories is most likely to be adopted?

<p>A management theory that relies on close supervision, control, and punishment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Pinto's Three-Step Method, what is the first step to overcoming intercultural communication obstacles?

<p>Becoming aware of your own norms, values, and behavioral codes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a society with low power distance, according to Hofstede's dimensions?

<p>A society that values equality and open expression among its members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist societies, which of the following is MOST emphasized?

<p>Strong ties and group harmony. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Pinto's three steps helps address the problem of projecting one's own norms onto others?

<p>Getting to know one’s own norms and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a society with high power distance tend to express its opinions?

<p>Respectfully, and in an indirect manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of individualistic societies?

<p>Strong group cohesion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on Hofstede's power distance dimension, which action would demonstrate a high power distance perspective in a workplace?

<p>Employees using respectful language and avoiding direct contradiction with superiors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most associated with long-term orientation?

<p>Emphasis on perseverance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cultures with low uncertainty avoidance, which behavior is more likely?

<p>Frequent job changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of societies with short-term orientation?

<p>Quick results and achieving success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of indulgence?

<p>Emphasis on enjoying life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is less likely to exhibit low uncertainty avoidance?

<p>Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultures characterized by restraint are most likely to exhibit which trait?

<p>Pessimism and health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of workplace values, which motivates employees in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance?

<p>Stability and long-term security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common societal value in cultures with long-term orientation?

<p>Efforts leading to future rewards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dominating Nature

This approach focuses on adapting the environment to meet human needs, even if it requires significant changes. Think of building greenhouses or actively resolving conflicts.

In Harmony with Nature

This view emphasizes working in harmony with nature, adapting to its rhythms and respecting its limits. Think of planting crops suitable for the local climate and soil or seeking peaceful resolutions.

Subjugated to Nature

This approach focuses on accepting and adapting passively to nature without trying to change it significantly. Think of planting whatever grows best or accepting inevitable conflicts as part of life.

Past-Oriented Time

Past-oriented cultures value traditions, history, and continuity. They see the past as a source of wisdom and guidance for present actions.

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Present-Oriented Time

Present-oriented cultures focus on the immediate needs and experiences of the present moment. They prioritize enjoying the present rather than planning for the future.

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Future-Oriented Time

Future-oriented cultures emphasize planning, goals, and long-term thinking. They prioritize achieving future outcomes, often through strategic planning.

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Doing Culture

Doing cultures value action, achievement, and getting things done. They prioritize accomplishing tasks and fulfilling goals. Think of the USA and China.

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Being Culture

Being cultures value relationships, enjoyment, and spontaneity. They prioritize personal connections and experiences over material achievements. Think of Indonesia and Mexico.

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Individualism

Societies prioritize individual needs, autonomy, and self-reliance. People are responsible for themselves and their immediate families.

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Collectivism

Societies emphasize interdependence, group harmony, and collective responsibility. The group takes precedence over individual goals.

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Low-Context Communication

Communication style where meaning is explicitly stated, with a focus on clarity and directness.

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High-Context Communication

Communication style where meaning is conveyed implicitly through shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues.

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Fine-Mesh Cultures

Cultures that emphasize strict, detailed rules for behavior, leaving little room for interpretation.

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Mixed-Mesh Cultures

Cultures that balance specific rules with more general guidelines, allowing for flexibility.

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Coarse-Mesh Cultures

Cultures with loose, general rules, offering greater freedom and independence in behavior.

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Private Space

Cultures where personal space is highly valued, seen as a sign of respect.

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Individualistic cultures

Societies where individuals prioritize personal goals and achievements above group interests.

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Collective cultures

Societies where group harmony and collective well-being are highly valued.

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Uncertainty avoidance

A cultural dimension that reflects a society's comfort level with ambiguity and uncertainty.

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High uncertainty avoidance cultures

Societies with high uncertainty avoidance prefer clear guidelines, structured environments, and predictable situations.

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Low uncertainty avoidance cultures

Societies with low uncertainty avoidance are more comfortable with ambiguity and change.

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Masculinity

A cultural dimension that describes a society's orientation towards achievement, competition, and assertiveness.

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Power Distance

The degree to which individuals accept unequal power distribution in society.

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Individualistic Societies

Societies where individuals focus on personal independence and prioritize their own needs and goals.

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Collectivistic Societies

Societies where individuals prioritize group harmony and collective goals over individual needs.

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Projection

The process of attributing your own values, norms, and perceptions to others.

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X Management Theory

A management theory that assumes workers dislike work and require close supervision and control.

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Y Management Theory

A management theory that views employees as responsible and innovative, promoting autonomy and shared decision-making.

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Pinto's Three-Step Method

A method for overcoming intercultural communication obstacles by understanding your own cultural norms, the norms of the other culture, and finding a way to bridge the differences.

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Good Human Nature

A belief that human nature is fundamentally good, leading to a high-trust environment and a collaborative approach to management.

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Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)

A culture's tolerance for ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk. High UA cultures prefer clear rules, structure, and predictable outcomes.

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High Uncertainty Avoidance Workplace

Cultures with high UA value stability, security, and established practices. Employees often stay with the same employer for a long time.

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Long-Term Orientation (LTO)

A culture's focus on long-term or short-term goals, influencing societal values and behaviors.

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High Long-Term Orientation

Cultures with high LTO emphasize perseverance, thrift, and future rewards. Children are encouraged to work hard and delay gratification.

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Low Long-Term Orientation

Cultures with low LTO focus on traditions, immediate gratification, and fulfilling social obligations. Success may be seen as luck.

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Indulgent Cultures

Cultures with a strong indulgence focus on enjoying life, freedom, and fun. They emphasize happiness and leisure activities.

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Restrained Cultures

Cultures with a strong restraint focus on discipline, regulation, and control over desires. They prioritize conformity and social norms.

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High Power Distance

Cultures with a high power distance accept hierarchical structures and inequalities. They value deference to authority.

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Study Notes

Chapter 3: Working with Kluckhohn's Variations in Value Orientations

  • Relationship with Nature: Societies approach nature differently, impacting their solutions to daily challenges.
    • Dominating Nature: Adapt the environment to meet needs, like greenhouses and conflict resolution. (Examples: Netherlands, UAE)
    • Harmony with Nature: Adapt to nature without drastic changes, like planting seasonal crops. (Examples: Costa Rica, Norway)
    • Subjugated to Nature: Accept and adapt passively; accept conflicts and circumstances. (Examples: Philippines, Maldives)

Time Orientation

  • Cultural perspectives on time influence planning and priorities.
    • Past-Oriented: Value traditions and historical continuity. Past is important for assessing the significance of a matter.
    • Present-Oriented: Focus on short-term goals and living in the moment. Past is still relevant, but less compared to the present.
    • Future-Oriented: Emphasize long-term goals and systematic planning. Time perspectives vary within cultures based on factors like profession, region, and age. (e.g., Economists are future-oriented while museums are past-oriented).

Doing or Being Cultures

  • Doing Cultures: Task-oriented, prioritize achievement, focus on results metrics. (Examples: USA, China). They set goals, act, and use parameters to measure outcomes.
  • Being Cultures: Relationship-focused, prioritize enjoyment and spontaneity. Focus on experiences and flow of ideas. (Examples: Indonesia, Mexico).

Individualism and Collectivism

  • Cultural Organization: Cultures are categorized based on their preferred form of social organization and preferred way of interacting in society.
    • Individualism: Prioritize independence, self-reliance, and personal achievements. Relationships are secondary to personal goals. Communication is direct and low-context, focusing on clarity and honesty. (Examples: Netherlands, USA)
    • Collectivism: Value interdependence, belonging, and responsibility towards the group. Group welfare takes precedence over personal goals. Communication is indirect and high-context, focusing on maintaining harmony and avoiding conflict. (Examples: Many Asian, African, Middle Eastern, Latin American cultures)

Chapter 4: Working with Hofstede's Six Dimensions of Culture

Power Distance

  • Power Distance: Degree to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept that power is distributed unequally.
    • Low Power Distance: Value equality and open expression. (Examples: Netherlands, Scandinavia)
    • Medium Power Distance: Mix of equality and hierarchy. (Examples: France, Poland)
    • High Power Distance: Accept hierarchies; express opinions respectfully and indirectly. (Examples: Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe)

Individualism and Collectivism (revisited)

  • Individualistic Cultures: Loose ties, responsible for themselves and their immediate families. Prioritize being independent and speaking their minds.
  • Collectivist Cultures: Strong group bonds, responsibility for the group. Loyal to the group ahead of their self-interest. Avoid direct criticism.

Masculinity and Femininity

  • Masculine Societies: Value assertiveness, achievement, success, and competition. Gender roles are strictly divided. Men are assertive and competitive; women are more tender and life-quality-oriented.
  • Feminine Societies: Value modesty, care, and quality of life. Gender roles overlap, men and women are expected to be tender and life-quality-oriented.

Uncertainty Avoidance

  • High Uncertainty Avoidance: Cultures prefer predictability, rules, and structured environments. Value stability in jobs, relationships, and life in general. (Examples: Latin America, Latin Europe, German-speaking countries)
  • Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Cultures accept uncertainty, flexibility, and creativity. Frequent job changes are common. (Examples: Anglo-Saxon countries)

Long-Term Orientation (LTO)

  • Long-Term Orientation: Emphasize perseverance, thrift, and future rewards. Focus on the long-term benefits of decisions and actions.
  • Short-Term Orientation: Prioritize fulfilling social obligations, traditions, and immediate results. Importance placed on immediate gratification and achieving quick results.

Indulgence and Restraint

  • Indulgence: Cultures that value enjoying life, freedom, and fun. Strong emphasis on leisure activities and personal satisfaction. Correlates with happiness and larger families.
  • Restraint: Cultures that regulate desires, prioritize discipline, and have a strong emphasis on maintaining social order. Associated with pessimism and strong social norms.

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