Questions and Answers
What is Ebonics?
What is code switching?
the ability to translate from one style of speaking to another
What does language conflict refer to?
when the form of language used at home is different from that of mainstream society
What is an oppositional identity?
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What does manufacturing consent suggest about U.S. media?
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What is double consciousness?
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What is language ideology?
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What are assumptions of mainstream language ideology?
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What does alternative language ideology propose?
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What is a characteristic of Push Syndrome?
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What is a main aspect of Pull Syndrome?
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What are motivations to not use Standard English?
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What are motivations to use Standard English?
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Graylen Todd Graham aspired to be an ________ but faced discouragement.
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What issue did Graylen Todd Graham face regarding his language use?
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What does Sonja Lanehart's work emphasize regarding AAVE?
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What is the dominant group's tactic regarding language power according to Faye Vaughn-Cooke?
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What do you think about the Ebonics controversy in relation to language ideology?
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Why might a dialect become non-standard?
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Study Notes
Ebonics
- A language system primarily used by African Americans, particularly in working-class contexts.
- Combines Euro-American speech with Afro-American meaning, tone, and gestures.
- Used by 80-90% of American blacks, highlighting the dual nature of language (grammar and expressions) and style (manner of speaking).
Code Switching
- Refers to the skill of alternating between different styles of speaking, also known as "style shifting".
- Involves mental translation, allowing bilingual or bidialectal individuals to convey and interpret meaning effectively.
Language Conflict
- Occurs when a home language differs from that of mainstream society, creating a disconnect for individuals.
Oppositional Identity
- Emerges when individuals express their identity in contrast to perceived mainstream culture.
- Can manifest through fashion, music, and language.
Manufacturing Consent
- Concept that U.S. mass media functions as ideological institutions through market forces and self-censorship.
- Promotes a system-maintaining propaganda model without explicit coercion.
Double Consciousness
- Describes the internal struggle faced by marginalized groups within an oppressive societal framework.
Language Ideology
- Refers to societal beliefs about language and diversity, often taken for granted as common sense without explicit questioning.
Mainstream Language Ideology
- Assumes that Standard English is superior and that Ebonics reflects poor grammar or slang.
- Suggests individuals must use Standard English to succeed in society.
Alternative Language Ideology
- Argues that Standard English is not linguistically superior and recognizes nonstandard speech as valid.
- Advocates for societal acceptance of nonstandard dialects without requiring conformity for success.
Push Syndrome
- Describes the tendency to conform to White American cultural norms, often observed more in male speakers.
Pull Syndrome
- Characterizes the tendency to drift away from White American culture, often seen among younger, male working-class speakers.
Motivations to Not Use Standard English
- Individuals may feel they are betraying their cultural identity and dialect by conforming to Standard English.
Motivations to Use Standard English
- Using Standard English can facilitate job acquisition and create a professional image, free from perceived "bad grammar".
Graylen Todd Graham
- Aspiring English teacher faced discouragement for using habitual "be" form.
- Believes in respecting Black language while teaching Standard English for professional opportunities.
Sonja Lanehart
- AAVE acknowledged as a legitimate language variety without claims of superiority or inferiority.
- Focuses on the community of speakers rather than framing it as a separate language.
Faye Vaughn-Cooke
- Emphasizes the dominant group's control over linguistic power through the subtle method of manufacturing consent.
Rachel Jones and Crossover Expression
- Further details needed for analysis.
Factors Affecting Ebonics Use
- Asks whether barriers to using Ebonics are stronger for African Americans compared to other societal groups like immigrants.
Ebonics Controversy
- Calls for analysis of opinions surrounding Ebonics in context of language ideology and the push-pull dynamics within Black America.
Status of Nonstandard Dialects
- Nonstandard dialects may arise from power dynamics; if a group had prevailed historically, their dialect could dominate.
- The establishment of a dialect as standard is influenced by sociopolitical factors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Ebonics, code switching, and the role of language in culture and identity. Explore how language influences social dynamics and personal identity, particularly in African American communities. Understand concepts like oppositional identity and how they relate to language conflict.
