Cultural Dimensions and Group Behavior Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is Hofstede’s dimension that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept unequal power distribution?

Power distance (correct)

Individualism

Uncertainty avoidance

Masculinity

In which type of culture do people prioritize the goals of the group over their personal aspirations?

Individualistic culture

Collectivist culture (correct)

Long-term oriented culture

Masculine culture

Which dimension of cultural variability reflects the degree to which a society feels uncomfortable with uncertainty?

Power distance

Long-term orientation

Uncertainty avoidance (correct)

Masculinity

What is the term for the process by which individuals learn the values and practices of their own culture?

Enculturation Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals in individualistic cultures typically react to group demands when they become too costly?

They are likely to change group memberships Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which individual identities get submerged within a group?

De-individuation Signup and view all the answers

What describes the tendency for group members to seek riskier alternatives after group discussion?

Risky shift effect Signup and view all the answers

What type of social influence occurs when a person conforms to meet the expectations of a group for social acceptance?

Normative social influence Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon refers to a decrease in personal effort when working in a group?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the phenomenon where discussions among like-minded individuals strengthen existing attitudes?

Decision polarization Signup and view all the answers

What is known as the non-conforming behavior that leads to positive impressions under certain conditions?

Red Sneakers effect Signup and view all the answers

How does group size affect the likelihood of an individual member being singled out?

It decreases the likelihood Signup and view all the answers

In online environments, how are consumers influenced by the popularity of a product?

They are more likely to show interest Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of needs identified in the content?

Biogenic needs and psychogenic needs Signup and view all the answers

How do marketers play a role in consumer needs?

They make consumers aware of needs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of need is characterized by achieving practical benefits?

Utilitarian needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a larger gap between desired and current states on motivation?

It increases motivation greatly Signup and view all the answers

What main psychological theory contrasts the biological needs focus on arousal?

Expectancy Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a biogenic need?

Power Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives hedonic needs?

Emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What dictates the urgency felt by a consumer to fulfill a need?

The magnitude of tension created Signup and view all the answers

What is a want in the context of consumer behavior?

A specific way of satisfying a need. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the motivation to reach a goal reflected by the willingness to expend energy?

Motivational strength Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to in the context of behavior?

Goal-oriented behavior to eliminate unpleasant states. Signup and view all the answers

What motivates consumers to adopt substitute goals?

To avoid negative outcomes when specific goals are unattainable. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes promotion-focus in regulatory focus theory?

It is based on hopes and accomplishments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prevention-focus in consumer behavior?

A focus on safety and avoiding losses. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person fails to achieve a goal, according to the discussed theories?

They experience frustration and may adopt defense mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

In consumer behavior, what is an avoid negative goal?

A motivation to avoid negative outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the looking-glass self refer to?

The process of imagining others' reactions towards us Signup and view all the answers

How do consumers create or maintain their identity according to the content?

By aligning their consumption with specific group roles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Fishbein Multi-Attribute model?

A consumer's beliefs about various attributes of a product. Signup and view all the answers

What does symbolic self-completion theory predict about individuals with an incomplete self-definition?

They will attempt to complete their identity through symbols Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of the perceptual process?

Exposure, attention, interpretation Signup and view all the answers

In the Theory of Planned Behavior, which element is crucial for understanding social influences on decision-making?

Normative Belief. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the involvement paradox?

Less important products generate more marketing impact. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'schemas' refer to in the context of perception?

An organized collection of beliefs and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Reasoned Action primarily differentiate between?

Intentions and actual behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Self-image congruence models suggest that consumers choose products based on what?

Cognitive matching between product attributes and self-image Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in changing attitudes according to the content provided?

Self-concept assessments. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of consumption, what is meant by the 'extended self'?

Objects that significantly represent the roles individuals play Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'sensation' in the perceptual process?

The immediate response to basic stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Aact' refer to in the context of attitudes toward buying?

Feelings about the act of purchasing. Signup and view all the answers

What role do evaluations play in the context of changing beliefs, according to the document?

They are often linked to self-concept. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is shown to have a measurable impact on attitudes in belief-based persuasion?

Presence of multiple arguments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Consumer Behavior Summary

The document is a summary of consumer behavior, specifically from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
It covers various topics, including the self, perception, market research, motivation, learning and memory, attitudes and emotion, social influence, decision making, and culture.
The summary is structured into distinct topics with page numbers for easy referencing (2 - 37).

Topic 2 - The Self

Self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes and how they evaluate those qualities.
Self-concept can be positive overall, but some aspects are evaluated more positively than others.
Consumers' self-concepts guide purchase decisions, bolstering self-esteem or rewarding the self.
Self-esteem, the positivity of self-concept, is often related to acceptance by others.
Marketing communications can influence self-esteem.
Social comparison occurs when people try to evaluate themselves by comparing to others.
Ideal self versus actual self: customers want to be their ideal (desired) self and sometimes purchase to fulfil this.

Topic 3 - Perception

Perception is a three-stage process translating stimuli into meaning (exposure, attention, and interpretation).
Sensation is the immediate response of sensory receptors to basic stimuli.
Perception is the process by which physical sensations are selected, organized, and interpreted (based on schemas).
Sensory systems impact our experiences of products (e.g., the smell of a hotel).
Vision is a key element in marketing, using colors and images for advertising, store design, and packaging.
Smell and sound can also be used to evoke memories and feelings in association with products.

Topic 4 - Market Research in CB

Experimentation involves purposeful changes to input variables in a process to observe the output response.
Operational definitions of variables are important for experimental design.
Hypotheses are testable relationships between variables (measurable).
Independent variables (IV) are controlled (e.g., promotion vs. prevention focus).
Dependent variables (DV) are measured.
Randomization ensures reliable results by randomly assigning participants to control or treatment groups

Topic 5 - Motivation

Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action, arising from unfulfilled needs/desires.
Needs are essential (biogenic) or learned (psychogenic)
Needs (e.g., belonging, self-esteem, power) drive our decisions.
Various needs influence behaviour.
Utilitarian versus hedonic needs.
Types of needs such as self-esteem, achievement, affiliation.
Consumer needs differ, but they can be influenced by marketers.

Topic 6 - Learning and Memory

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour spurred by experience.
Learning occurs through direct experience, learning from others, and incidental learning.
Two major learning theories are classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning:
- Classical Conditioning: Learning by association of a stimulus with a response.
- Instrumental Conditioning: Learning based on observable behaviors shaped by rewards and punishments.
Repetition, biological, or symbolic significance is important in conditioning.

Topic 7 – Attitudes & Emotions

Attitudes are lasting general evaluations of people, objects, ads, or issues; a predisposition to positively or negatively evaluate.
Attitude toward an object (Ao) can be a favorable evaluation of a product, brand or company.
Attitudes toward actions (Aact) are evaluations of specific actions.
Attitudes towards the advertising (Aad) are formed from exposure to stimuli (e.g., ads).
Cognitive processes, classical and instrumental conditioning can influence attitude formation
Attitudes can be formed through experiences and are influenced by the degree of involvement with the attitude object.
Attitudes can be changed through persuasive communication.

Social influence encompasses the process by which individuals and groups alter the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others.
Reference groups are individuals or groups that significantly impact a person's evaluations or behaviour, either through a normative or informational bias.
Consumer decisions vary depending on a normative or descriptive influence
Types of reference groups include membership/associative, or aspirational or dissociative groups
Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself in relation to other people.
Six principles of social influence are reciprocity, commitment/consistency, authority, liking, scarcity, and social proof.

Topic 9 – Decision Making

Consumer purchases are responses to problems and are multi-step processes.
Consumer purchase decisions can range from low to high involvement.
There are three types of decision making strategies for consumers: habitual, limited problem solving, and extended problem solving.
This process is influenced by various factors and heuristics such as mental accounting, anchoring, and hyperopia.

Topic 10 – Culture

Culture is patterns of meaning, beliefs, and attitudes conveyed within society.
Cultural values are a set of beliefs about what is important.
Subcultures are smaller groups within a larger culture that embody differing values.
Factors to account for cultural differences include: ecology, social structure, and ideology
Cross-cultural analysis helps marketers reach different audiences more effectively through adapted marketing materials.

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Description

Test your understanding of Hofstede's cultural dimensions and group behavior concepts. This quiz covers topics such as power distance, collectivism versus individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and social influence dynamics. Ideal for students studying sociology, psychology, or cultural studies.