Cultural Concepts Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What was an example of exploitation in the 16th to 19th centuries?

The Atlantic slave trade

What is ethnocentrism?

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

What are macro cultural regions?

The geographic areas encompassed by different cultural realms around the globe.

What does cultural geography study?

<p>How cultures vary over space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is globalization?

<p>The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is colonialism?

<p>Exploitation by a stronger country of a weaker one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is imperialism?

<p>A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Artifact?

<p>A remaining piece from an extinct culture or place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Built Environment?

<p>A man-made environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Core-Domain-Sphere Model represent?

<p>The place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Sociofact?

<p>The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cultural Convergence?

<p>The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Culture/Environmental Perception?

<p>Culture is the sum of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared by the members of a society. Environmental perception is the concept that different cultures observe and interpret their environment differently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Culture Realm?

<p>A collective of cultural regions sharing related culture systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Environmental Determinism refer to?

<p>The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Culture Region?

<p>An area in which people have many shared culture traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Culture Hearth?

<p>A center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Culture Complex?

<p>A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Culture Trait?

<p>A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Glocalization?

<p>The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Custom?

<p>Frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Folk Culture?

<p>Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Monoculture?

<p>Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Food Attraction?

<p>Reasons certain culture/region eat certain types of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Habit?

<p>Repetitive act performed by an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Material Culture?

<p>The physical objects produced by a culture to meet its material needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Mentifact?

<p>The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Popular Culture?

<p>Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Possibilism?

<p>The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Uniform Landscape?

<p>The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Taboo?

<p>A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Apartheid?

<p>A social policy or racial segregation involving discrimination against non-whites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Balkanization?

<p>Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Blockbustering?

<p>The rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Centripetal Force?

<p>An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Centrifugal Force?

<p>Forces that tend to divide a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ethnicity?

<p>Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ethnic Cleansing?

<p>Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the distribution of major ethnicities within the United States.

<p>Northeast to Northern U.S. mainly has Caucasians; Southeast has many Latin Americans; Western U.S. has a growing African American and Asian population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of ethnic conflicts (or genocides) in at least 3 different regions.

<p>WW2 (Holocaust), Rwandan Genocide, Cambodian Genocide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the roles of nationalism in a state.

<p>Positive: unifies people; Negative: can lead to violence and disregard for old cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define and give examples of part-nation states, multi-national states, and stateless nations.

<p>Part-nation states: Arabia; Multi-national states: North America; Stateless nations: Palestinians, Kurds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain identity in terms of globalization's role in interconnectedness.

<p>Globalization can undermine local identities by introducing new ideas and traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss colonialism and imperialism's role relative to identity.

<p>Colonialism exploits resources from weaker countries, leading to stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two aspects of gender geography.

<p>Economic productivity impact; study of 'queer theory' and its geographic distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define culture, cultural geography, and culture regions.

<p>Culture: sum of knowledge and behavior patterns; Cultural Geography: how cultures vary over space; Culture Regions: areas with shared traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify macro cultural regions and their major language.

<p>Examples: Anglo-American (English), Latin-American (Spanish).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare aspects of folk and popular culture.

<p>Folk culture is stable and traditional; Popular culture is wide and rapidly changing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide examples of folk culture.

<p>Architecture using local materials; unique regional foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide specific examples of popular culture traits.

<p>Wide distribution with minimal variations; food from franchises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss ways cultural traits are affected by and affect the environment.

<p>Popular culture leads to a homogenized landscape; Folk culture is more local and sustainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of racism and ethnocentrism in cultural landscapes.

<p>Both can lead to dominance of resources and judgment of other cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cultural Concepts

  • Artifact: Represents remnants of extinct cultures or places.
  • Built Environment: Refers to man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity.
  • Core-Domain-Sphere Model: Illustrates levels of concentration of cultural traits in a region.
  • Sociofact: Institutions and connections between individuals that unite a culture, such as family and educational systems.
  • Cultural Convergence: The process where cultures become more similar due to shared technology and improved communication.
  • Culture Hearth: Origin points where specific cultural innovations and ideas emerge and spread.

Culture Definitions

  • Culture: A collective of knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behaviors shared within a society. Environmental perception varies based on cultural backgrounds.
  • Environmental Determinism: Suggests the natural environment heavily influences human culture and development.
  • Possibilism: Contrasts determinism by affirming human adaptability to environmental constraints.

Culture Types and Traits

  • Folk Culture: Traditional culture practiced by homogeneous rural communities, resistant to change.
  • Popular Culture: Widespread practices found in heterogeneous societies, heavily influenced by media and trends.
  • Custom: Repetitive acts that become characteristic of a group.

Cultural Dynamics

  • Glocalization: Local individuals adapt global cultural influences to fit regional contexts.
  • Monoculture/Placelessness: Dependence on singular agricultural products leading to lost geographical uniqueness.
  • Culture Region: Areas where people share similar cultural traits; can encompass multiple traits such as language or dietary habits.

Ethnicity and Identity

  • Ethnicity: Shared identity based on ancestry and culture.
  • Ethnic Cleansing: Theme of violence where dominant groups remove minority groups.
  • Nation-State: A political entity where a single cultural identity predominates.
  • Self-Determination: The right of a community to govern itself and make its own decisions.

Conflict and Nationalism

  • Balkanization: The fragmentation of states into smaller, often hostile, entities based on ethnic divisions.
  • Nationalism: Political ideology emphasizing a shared identity and common culture often promoting unity but can lead to exclusion or violence against outsiders.
  • Genocide: The systematic extermination of a cultural or racial group.

Gender and Geography

  • Gender Dynamics: Examines the relationships and roles of different genders within society, informed by socio-cultural norms.

Globalization and Culture

  • Impact of Globalization: Leads to a homogenization of cultural identities, often diminishing local customs.
  • Cultural Geography: Field that studies the spatial variations of cultures across regions.
  • Cultural Landscape: The physical manifestation of cultural practices and values in a region.

Historical Context

  • Colonialism and Imperialism: Both involve the exploitation or dominance of weaker nations, affecting cultural identities and relationships.

Examples and Specific Traits

  • Folk Culture Examples: Traditional architecture, locally-sourced foods, and specific cultural customs like non-consumption of certain animals in specific regions.
  • Popular Culture Traits: Franchises and uniformity in geographical locations influenced by mass media, technology, and global supply chains.

Issues of Ethnocentrism and Racism

  • Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures based on the values of one's own, often leading to bias and misunderstanding.
  • Racism: A systemic issue resulting in discrimination based on race, stemming from perceived cultural superiority and often tied to histories of exploitation.

Macro Cultural Regions

  • Defined as large geographic areas characterized by certain cultural traits and languages, such as Anglo-American (primarily English) and Latin-American (primarily Spanish with diverse influences).

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Test your understanding of key concepts in popular and folk culture with these flashcards from Chapters 4 and 5. Learn terms like 'artifact,' 'built environment,' and more to deepen your knowledge of cultural studies. Perfect for students exploring cultural geography and anthropology.

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