Culinary Techniques: Soups and Sauces

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Questions and Answers

Which thickening agent is commonly used in cream soups?

  • Tapioca pearls
  • Roux (correct)
  • Fruit
  • Broth

What is the primary thickening agent in a puree soup?

  • Starch (correct)
  • Egg
  • Cream
  • Shellfish

What main ingredient distinguishes bisques from other types of soup?

  • Coconut milk
  • Shellfish (correct)
  • Fruit
  • Potatoes

Which type of soup typically contains milk and potatoes?

<p>Chowders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are veloutes thickened with?

<p>Egg, butter and cream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sauces in cooking?

<p>To enhance flavor and add moisture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a basic ingredient in white sauce?

<p>Milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sauce is Hollandaise?

<p>An emulsified sauce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sauces uses veal, chicken, or fish broth as a chief ingredient?

<p>Velouté sauce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of a brown sauce (Espagnole)?

<p>A brown roux (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the French term for stocks, emphasizing their foundational role in cooking?

<p>Fonds de cuisine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stock primarily made of?

<p>Meaty bones, seafood, and/or vegetables simmered in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stock uses bones that have been browned in an oven?

<p>Brown stock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a well-made stock?

<p>Clear, thin liquid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chicken stock made from?

<p>Chicken bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates broth from stock?

<p>Broth can be served as is, while stock is used in other dishes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of consommé?

<p>It is clear and transparent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What base is primarily used in cream soups?

<p>Béchamel sauce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ingredients are commonly used to finish a velouté soup?

<p>Heavy cream and egg yolk (liaison) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these soups is made from shellfish?

<p>Bisque (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fish stocks primarily made from?

<p>Fish bones and trimmings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a clear soup and a stock?

<p>Clear soups are based on meats, while stocks are based on bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good quality broth?

<p>Aromatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'clarification' in making consommé?

<p>To remove cloudy particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is NOT typically used in the clarification process of making consommé?

<p>Cream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ready-to-cook poultry?

<p>Plump breast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered white meat in poultry?

<p>Breasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'evisceration' refer to in poultry preparation?

<p>Removal of internal organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a sign of unhealthy live poultry to avoid?

<p>Bruises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of hot sauces in terms of preparation?

<p>They are made immediately before use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following poultry parts are classified as giblets?

<p>Gizzard and heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which starch granules absorb water and swell?

<p>Gelatinization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to separate starch granules before heating them in liquid?

<p>To avoid the formation of lumps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Roux?

<p>A cooked mixture of equal parts fat and flour. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of butter results in the finest sauces due to its flavor?

<p>Clarified butter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for using margarine as a butter substitute?

<p>Lower cost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fats contributes no flavor when used in a roux?

<p>Vegetable oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the thickening power of flour?

<p>Starch content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which roux is cooked the least amount of time?

<p>White roux (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic indicates that a live chicken is young?

<p>Fine, soft feet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of good quality whole poultry?

<p>Clean and well fleshed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which roux type is used for veloutés?

<p>Blond roux (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the skin of dressed poultry look like?

<p>Smooth and yellow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of poultry originated in China and is known for its tender meat?

<p>Peking duck (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for a broiler or fryer chicken?

<p>9 to 12 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a surgically desexed male chicken?

<p>Capon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chicken is typically sold during the Christmas holiday and weighs approximately 4 kg dressed?

<p>Jumbo Broiler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with a 'cock' or 'rooster'?

<p>Coarse skin and toughened meat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'hen' or 'stewing chicken' from other types of chicken?

<p>It is a mature female chicken, usually more than 10 months of age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stocks

Flavorful liquid made by simmering bones and vegetables.

Chicken Stock

A stock made specifically from chicken bones.

White Stock

Stock made from beef or veal bones without added color.

Brown Stock

Stock made from beef or veal bones that are browned first.

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Aromatics

Ingredients like onions, carrots, and herbs added for flavor.

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Cream Soups

Soups thickened with roux or other agents and cream.

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Bisques

Thickened soups made primarily from shellfish.

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Chowders

Hearty soups featuring fish, shellfish, or vegetables, usually with milk and potatoes.

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Fruit Soup

Soups served hot or cold, often featuring fruits and spices.

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Cold Soup

Soup served chilled instead of hot.

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Tomato Sauce

A sauce made from stock and tomato products with spices.

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Hot Sauces

Sauces made just before they are to be used.

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Cold Sauces

Sauces cooked ahead, chilled, and served later.

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Thickening Agents

Substances used to increase sauce viscosity.

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Roux

A mixture of equal parts fat and flour, cooked together.

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Broth

A seasoned liquid that can be served as is, unlike stock.

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Consommé

A clarified, rich stock or broth that is clear and flavorful.

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Sauce

A flavorful liquid used to season and enhance dishes.

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White Sauce

A basic sauce made from milk, thickened with flour and butter.

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Velouté Sauce

A sauce made from chicken, veal, or fish broth thickened with blonde roux.

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Hollandaise

A rich sauce made with butter, egg yolks, lemon juice, and cayenne.

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Brown Sauce / Espagnole

A brown roux-based sauce made with butter, flavor, and brown stock.

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Margarine

A butter substitute made from vegetable oils, often cheaper.

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Animal fat

Fats derived from animals, such as lard and beef drippings.

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Vegetable oil in roux

Used in roux but provides no additional flavor.

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Types of roux

Three main types: white, blond, and brown, based on cooking time.

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Brown roux

Roux cooked to a light brown for flavor and color, often used in sauces.

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Signs of Young Chicken

Young chickens have clear eyes, soft feet, and small feathers.

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Whole Poultry Criteria

Whole poultry should have intact head, feet, viscera, be clean and free from defects.

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Dressed Poultry Appearance

Dressed poultry has smooth, yellow skin, indicating freshness.

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Cambodian Duck Characteristics

Peking duck is a tender and flavorful breed of duck from China.

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Squab Definition

Squab is a young pigeon with extra tender meat, often used in gourmet dishes.

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Poultry

Birds raised for food such as chicken and turkey.

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Broiler or Fryer

Young chicken (9-12 weeks) with tender meat.

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Roaster

A chicken, usually 5-6 months old, suitable for roasting.

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Capon

Desexed male chicken, usually under 8 months.

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Hen or Stewing Chicken

Mature female chicken, over 10 months old, used for stewing.

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Fish Stock

A flavorful liquid made from fish bones and trimmings.

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Mirepoix

A mixture of chopped vegetables used in broth and soups for flavor.

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Characteristics of Ready-to-Cook Poultry

Includes plump breast, well-developed thighs, no bad odor, and heavy skin.

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Parts of Poultry

Divided into dark meat (drumsticks, thighs) and white meat (breasts), plus giblets (gizzard and heart).

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Poultry Preparation Steps

Includes slaughtering, bleeding, scalding, defeathering, evisceration, and deboning.

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Market Forms of Live Poultry

Healthy poultry is alert, well-feathered, free of bruises, blisters, or broken bones.

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Ready-to-Cook Poultry

Dressed birds that can be cut up, marinated, or seasoned.

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Study Notes

Stocks

  • Stocks are fundamental in professional kitchens
  • They are referred to as "fonds de cuisine"
  • Stocks are flavorful liquids made from meats, poultry, seafood, and/or vegetables
  • The process involves simmering ingredients in water with aromatics
  • The goal is to extract the flavor, aroma, color, body, and nutritive value from the ingredients.

Types of Stock

  • Chicken stock: Made from chicken bones
  • White stock: Made from beef or veal bones
  • Brown stock: Made from beef or veal bones that have been browned in an oven

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