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Cubitus Varus & Cubitus Valgus Deformities Quiz
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Cubitus Varus & Cubitus Valgus Deformities Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What movement of the shoulder joint involves the upper limb moving away from the midline?

  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction (correct)
  • Flexion

    • Which structure is subject to impingement beneath the acromial arch if inflamed and swollen?

  • Coracoacromial arch
  • Supraspinatus tendon (correct)
  • Subdeltoid bursa
  • Deltoid muscle

    • Which movement of the shoulder joint is mechanically impossible due to the presence of the trunk?

  • Abduction
  • Extension
  • Adduction (correct)
  • Flexion

    • At what degree does extension of the shoulder joint typically occur?

    <p>45° to 50°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located between the deltoid muscle and the fibrous capsule of the shoulder?

    <p>Subdeltoid bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What axis does flexion and extension of the shoulder joint occur around?

    <p>Transverse axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After reaching 90° abduction, what direction does further abduction move the limb towards?

    <p>Sagittal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement allows a bit of adduction starting from the reference position?

    <p><code>45°</code> extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the scapula involves the glenoid cavity rotating superiorly and the inferior angle rotating away from the midline?

    <p>Upward rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical displacement of the scapular inferior angle during shoulder movement?

    <p>10-12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

    <p>Plane synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of motion for clavicular elevation?

    <p>60 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament anchors the lateral end of the clavicle and prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?

    <p>Coracoclavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

    <p>Ball and socket synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is mechanically impossible for the shoulder joint due to the presence of the trunk?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the clavicle involves a range of motion of 25-30 degrees?

    <p>Protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located between the deltoid muscle and the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Supraspinatus tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the shoulder joint allows a bit of adduction starting from the reference position?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the articular disc in the distal radioulnar joint?

    <p>To provide stability to the joint and separate it from the radiocarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary movement that occurs at the middle radioulnar joint?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of motion for supination of the forearm?

    <p>$90^\circ$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for pronation of the forearm?

    <p>Pronator teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ligaments is primarily responsible for preventing sideways movements of the elbow joint?

    <p>Both medial and lateral collateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is considered the strongest of the three heads of the triceps brachii and plays a major role in elbow extension?

    <p>Lateral head of triceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible for both elbow flexion and forearm supination?

    <p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of cubitus varus deformity, which direction does the extended forearm deviate towards?

    <p>Medially, towards the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cubitus valgus deformity is correct?

    <p>The elbow is turned inwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the elbow joint ligaments?

    <p>To keep the articular surfaces in apposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is NOT part of the elbow complex?

    <p>Radio-carpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the elbow joint is FALSE?

    <p>It is a weak joint structurally due to the bony configuration and ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following articular surfaces is NOT present at the distal end of the humerus?

    <p>Trochlear notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the elbow joint is TRUE?

    <p>It is a hinge joint that permits flexion and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

    <p>Trochlear notch of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

    <p>Head of the radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily prevents the superior displacement of the humeral head from the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Coracoacromial arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure converts the intertubercular groove of the humerus into a canal and retains the long head of the biceps brachii tendon?

    <p>Transverse humeral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is an intrinsic ligament of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Coracohumeral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bursa is located between the acromion and the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle?

    <p>Subacromial bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ligaments reinforces the anterior aspect of the shoulder joint capsule?

    <p>Inferior glenohumeral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure overlies the anterior joint capsule of the shoulder and lies beneath the subscapularis muscle?

    <p>Subscapular bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two muscles responsible for wrist adduction?

    <p>Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT involved in wrist extension?

    <p>Flexor Pollicis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb?

    <p>Saddle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in both wrist flexion and wrist adduction?

    <p>Flexor Carpi Ulnaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus muscle in wrist movement?

    <p>Wrist flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two muscles work together to produce wrist abduction?

    <p>Flexor Carpi Radialis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During adduction of the wrist, which ligament becomes taut?

    <p>Radial collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament becomes taut during wrist flexion?

    <p>Posterior ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position are the carpal ligaments relaxed?

    <p>Wrist fully flexed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscles are involved in wrist flexion and extension?

    <p>Flexor carpi ulnaris &amp; Extensor carpi ulnaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the axis of motion for abduction and adduction at the radiocarpal joint?

    <p>Head of the capitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is involved in wrist extension?

    <p>Anterior ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily prevents the inferior displacement of the humeral head from the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Coracohumeral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement at the elbow joint is mechanically impossible due to the shape of the articulating bones?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the radial collateral ligament at the elbow joint?

    <p>Prevents valgus forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT involved in elbow flexion?

    <p>Triceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical displacement of the scapular inferior angle during shoulder movement?

    <p>10-12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the scapula involves the glenoid cavity rotating superiorly and the inferior angle rotating away from the midline?

    <p>Upward rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

    <p>Saddle synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament anchors the lateral end of the clavicle and prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint?

    <p>Coracoclavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

    <p>Ball and socket synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the shoulder joint allows a bit of adduction starting from the reference position?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of extension in the elbow joint for most subjects?

    <p>0°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the capitulum of the humerus in the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

    <p>Head of the radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

    <p>Synovial pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of reference defined as in the elbow joint?

    <p>Arm and forearm axes in a straight line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement does the elbow joint allow from any position of flexion?

    <p>Relative extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the annular ligament attach in the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

    <p>Anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for bending the elbow at 90° when measuring the range of rotation at the shoulder joint?

    <p>To align the forearm with the sagittal plane for accurate measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of medial rotation at the shoulder joint, as described in the text?

    <p>95°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding transverse movements of the shoulder joint is TRUE?

    <p>Their total range falls short of 180°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is involved in both horizontal adduction and horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of muscles involved in horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint, from the text?

    <p>Posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, rhomboid muscles, trapezius, latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes in a concise and organized format:

    Cubitus Varus and Cubitus Valgus

    • Cubitus varus: a deformity where the extended forearm deviates towards the midline of the body
    • Cubitus valgus: a deformity where the elbow is turned in

    Elbow Joint Ligaments

    • Main function: keep articular surfaces in apposition
    • Located on either side of the joint: medial (ulnar) collateral ligament and lateral (radial) collateral ligament
    • Prevent sideways movements and keep half-ring fitted to the pulley
    • Capsule strengthened anteriorly by anterior ligament and oblique anterior ligament

    Elbow Joint Flexor and Extensor Muscles

    • Extension of elbow: depends on triceps brachii, with anconeus exerting minor action
    • Flexor muscles:
      • Brachialis
      • Brachioradialis
      • Biceps brachii (main action is to flex the elbow, also main supinator of the forearm)

    Glenohumeral Joint

    • Articular surfaces: glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
    • Type of joint: synovial ball and socket joint (multi-axial - 3 degrees of freedom)
    • Ligaments:
      • Glenohumeral ligaments (multiple)
      • Coracohumeral ligament
      • Transverse humeral ligament
    • Bursae: several around the shoulder joint, including subscapular bursa and subacromial bursa

    Radiocarpal Joint

    • Articular surfaces: distal end of the radius and the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum bones
    • Type of joint: synovial condyloid joint
    • Ligaments:
      • Volar radiocarpal ligament
      • Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
      • Interosseous ligament
    • Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction

    Scapulothoracic Joint

    • Articular surfaces: scapula and thoracic cage
    • Type of joint: physiological joint (no true articulation)
    • Movements: protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and rotation of scapula

    Sternoclavicular Joint

    • Articular surfaces: medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum
    • Type of joint: synovial saddle joint
    • Ligaments:
      • Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
      • Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
      • Interclavicular ligament
    • Movement: elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction of clavicle

    Acromioclavicular Joint

    • Articular surfaces: lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula

    • Type of joint: synovial plane joint

    • Ligaments:

      • Acromioclavicular ligament
      • Coracoclavicular ligament

    • Movement: slight movement in the joint, but serves as a pivot point for movements of the scapula### Wrist Movements

    • Wrist Flexion: a combined effort of 6 muscles: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, and Flexor Pollicis Longus

    • Wrist Extension: a combined effort of 8 muscles: Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, and Extensor Indicis

    Wrist Adduction and Abduction

    • Wrist Adduction: a combined effort of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
    • Wrist Abduction: a combined effort of Flexor Carpi Radialis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, and Abductor Pollicis Longus

    Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint

    • The CMC joint of the thumb is a synovial saddle joint with 3 degrees of freedom
    • Motions include abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and opposition
    • The joint capsule is thick but loose

    Elbow Joint

    • The position of reference is defined as the position achieved when the axes of the arm and forearm are in a straight line
    • The range of extension is 0°, except in subjects with great laxity of the ligaments, allowing hyperextension of 5° to 10°
    • Active flexion has a range of 145°, and passive flexion has a range of 160°

    Proximal (Superior) Radio-Ulnar Joint

    • This joint is a synovial pivot joint with one type of movement: rotation about the axis of the two cylinders in contact
    • The joint consists of the head of the radius and the cupped surface of the head, which also articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

    Scapular Movements

    • Scapular movements include protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and rotation
    • Protraction is abduction away from the midline, while retraction is adduction towards the midline
    • Rotation of the scapula occurs around the glenoid cavity and inferior angle
    • Displacement of the inferior angle is 10-12 cm, and that of the lateral angle is 5-6 cm

    Sternoclavicular Joint

    • The joint has articular surfaces on the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial end of the acromion
    • The joint is a plane synovial joint, allowing for slide and glide movements
    • The joint has 3 supportive ligaments

    Acromioclavicular Joint

    • The joint has articular surfaces on the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial end of the acromion
    • The joint is a plane synovial joint, allowing for slide and glide movements
    • The joint moves as a result of scapular movement
    • The joint has 3 ligaments: Acromioclavicular Ligament, Trapezoid Ligament, and Conoid Ligament

    Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

    • The joint has articular surfaces on the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
    • The joint is a ball and socket synovial joint, allowing for multi-axial movements

    Radiocarpal Joint

    • The joint has articular surfaces on the radius and carpal bones
    • The joint has anterior and posterior ligaments, which vary in action depending on the type of movement
    • The joint has a range of abduction and adduction, which is minimal when the wrist is fully flexed or extended, and maximal when the hand is in the plane of reference or slightly flexed

    Elbow Complex

    • The elbow complex contains three bony articulations: humero-ulnar, humero-radial, and proximal radio-ulnar
    • The humero-ulnar and humero-radial joints are typically referred to as the "elbow" joint
    • The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint, allowing for flexion and extension movements

    Scapulohumeral Rhythm

    • The scapulohumeral rhythm refers to the coordination of scapular and humeral movements

    Rotation of the Shoulder Joint

    • Rotation occurs about the longitudinal axis of the humerus
    • The range of lateral rotation is 80°, and the range of medial rotation is 95°

    Transverse Movements of the Shoulder Joint

    • Horizontal movements take place about a vertical axis and involve both the shoulder joint and the scapula
    • The range of horizontal adduction is 140°, and the range of horizontal abduction is 30°

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    Test your knowledge on Cubitus Varus and Cubitus Valgus deformities, common conditions affecting the elbow joint. Learn about the anatomy and function of the ligaments in the elbow joint.

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