Exam 4

What is a carbon footprint?

Name three greenhouse gasses (gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere).

An _____ measures the amount of natural resources used by each person in an area.

The ozone layer of the atmosphere absorbs _____.

If a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment it will _____ around this level.

Environmental factors affect population size. Provide an example of a density-dependent regulating factor.

The carrying capacity of a given environment for a given species for a prolonged period of time is affected by which of the following? (Select all that apply)

_____ growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity and eventually levels off.

The _____ at which a female has her _____ has a dramatic impact on the rate at which a population grows.

What term describes a richness of species in an area?

What term describes the movement of materials through living and non-living systems in recurring pathways?

What is biological magnification?

What is biomass?

What are animals that eat both plants and animals called?

Referring to ecological succession, primary succession is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Referring to ecological succession, secondary succession is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply)

What is a primary consumer?

What is a secondary consumer?

What term describes an organism's role in the ecosystem?

What is a trophic level?

Which points were made in the video about the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone? (Check all that are correct)

Which of the following was NOT present in the atmosphere of very early Earth?

Which of the following processes do NOT typically produce increased genetic variation in populations? (Select all that apply)

What process involves fertile individuals moving into and out of populations and producing offspring?

The earliest cells were _____.

What is a feature of an organism that would promote fossilization?

Choose the incorrect statement.

Which early human relative, known as 'handy man', is associated with the use of tools and possible language?

Which human species, known as 'thinking man', is characterized by a larger brain and a more 'modern' skull?

Which group of extinct human relatives lived in caves?

Which group of early modern humans lived in caves and created cave paintings?

Which of the following primates is our closest now-living relative?

What term describes large-scale evolutionary changes over long periods of time?

What term describes changes within a population at the genetic level over a few generations?

What defines a species biologically?

What is the term for the formation of a new species?

What is the process by which populations become better-suited to their environment through natural selection?

What type of genetic drift involves a change in the gene pool in new, small, isolated colonies?

What type of genetic drift involves a change in the gene pool due to a dramatic reduction in population size, often caused by a natural disaster?

What term describes the movement of individuals (and their genes) into or out of a population?

What is the term for all of the alleles of all the genes of all individuals in a population?

When two new strands of DNA are made from one DNA molecule, the process is called _____.

When DNA is used as a template (pattern) to make a strand of messenger RNA, the process is called _____.

When messenger RNA is used as a template to make a chain of amino acids, the process is called _____.

Select the correct sequence of events representing the central dogma of molecular biology.

A segment of DNA with instructions for producing a specific protein is a _____.

A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule: (Select all that apply)

The spread of cancer cells from a tumor to other parts of the body is _____.

Check all that are correct. Proto-oncogenes are genes that:

Check all that are correct. Tumor suppressor genes:

Which of the following are known to potentially cause cancer? (Select all that apply)

With which treatment of cancer is a complete cure possible for early tumors that are accessible?

Which cancer treatment is often used following surgery when cancer has spread from the initial site but is still localized?

Which cancer treatment is used when cancer has metastasized throughout the body?

What cancer treatment involves the use of vaccines or stimulates the immune system to target cancer cells?

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

What is a trait?

What is a gene?

What are alleles?

Check all the statements about pedigrees that are true.

In genetics, a _____ is someone who shows the dominant (healthy) phenotype but also has a recessive version of a gene for a condition.

Sex-linked conditions like color-blindness exist because a defective gene on the X-chromosome has no corresponding allele on the _____ chromosome.

What is pleiotropy?

What is polygenic inheritance?

What are sex-influenced genes?

DNA is found in the nucleus and is wrapped around proteins called _____.

When cells are not preparing to divide, DNA is found in a less condensed form called _____.

When cells are preparing to divide or in that process, DNA is organized into highly condensed structures called _____.

What is a somatic cell?

What is a gamete?

What are autosomes?

What are the sex chromosomes?

The process of cell division for body (somatic) cells is _____.

Which phase of the cell cycle is the time of major growth before DNA synthesis begins?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis, leading to the formation of sister chromatids?

In which phase of the cell cycle does growth continue after DNA is synthesized?

Which phase of the cell cycle includes the process of actual nuclear duplication, producing two daughter nuclei?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm after two nuclei are formed?

During which phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into visible chromosomes and the mitotic spindle begin to form?

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes, attached to the spindle fibers, align at the middle (equator) of the cell?

During which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids of each chromosome pulled apart and moved towards opposite poles of the cell?

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform around the chromosomes at each pole, and the chromosomes begin to decondense?

Filaments play an important role in cell division. First, in forming the _____, which attaches to the chromatids. Later in forming a ring at the mid-line of the cell during _____.

What structure acts as the organizing center for the mitotic spindle in animal cells?

What are the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome that are attached to each other called?

What is the point of attachment where sister chromatids are joined?

What is the less condensed, 'disorganized' form of DNA found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing?

What is the highly organized and condensed structure of DNA formed during cell division?

Which of the following statements about meiosis are true? (Check all that are correct.)

Regarding Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which of the following distribution patterns occurs?

Processes that can introduce genetic variation, for good or ill, during meiosis are: (Check all that are correct.)

What term describes the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere from daily activities?

Which of the following are considered greenhouse gasses (gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere)?

An _____ measures the amount of natural resources used by each person in an area.

What does the ozone layer of the atmosphere absorb?

If a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment it will _____ around this level.

Environmental factors affect population size. Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent regulating factor?

The carrying capacity of a given environment for a given species for a prolonged period of time is affected by which of the following? (Select all that apply)

_____ growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity and eventually levels off, represented by an S-shaped growth curve.

The _____ at which a female has her _____ has a dramatic impact on the rate at which a population grows. This is the most important factor in determining a female's reproductive potential.

What term describes a richness of species in an area or ecosystem?

What term describes the movement of materials through living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) systems in recurring pathways?

What is the process by which non-degradable chemicals become more concentrated in organisms at successively higher trophic levels?

What is the term for the dry weight of an organism or the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume?

What are animals that eat both plants and animals called?

Referring to ecological succession, which of the following characterize primary succession? (Select all that apply)

Referring to ecological succession, which of the following characterize secondary succession? (Select all that apply)

What type of consumer are herbivores that eat plants?

What type of consumer eats animals?

What term describes an organism's role or function within its ecosystem, including its habitat, resource use, and interactions with other organisms?

What term refers to the position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web?

Which points were made in the video about the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone? (Check all that are correct)

Which of the following was NOT present in the atmosphere of very early Earth?

Which of the following mechanisms do NOT typically produce increased genetic variation in populations? (Select all that apply)

What is the term for the movement of alleles between populations that occurs when fertile individuals move into or out of populations and reproduce?

What type of cells were the earliest forms of life on Earth?

Which of the following features of an organism would promote fossilization?

Choose the incorrect statement regarding human and chimpanzee comparisons.

Which early human ancestor, known as 'handy man', is associated with the first evidence of tool use and possibly language?

Which human species, known as 'thinking man', is characterized by a larger brain and a more 'modern' skull structure compared to earlier hominins?

Which archaic human group is known for living in caves and coexisting with early Homo sapiens in Eurasia?

Which group, representing early modern humans in Europe, is known for living in caves and creating elaborate cave paintings?

Which of the following primates is our closest now-living relative?

What term describes large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, leading to the formation of new species and major groups?

What term describes small-scale evolutionary changes within a population occurring at the genetic level over relatively few generations?

What biological concept defines a group whose members are capable of interbreeding in nature and producing fertile offspring?

What is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise?

What is the process by which populations become better-suited to their environment through natural selection, often involving changes in heritable traits?

What type of genetic drift occurs when a new, small, isolated colony is established by a few individuals from a larger population, leading to a change in the gene pool?

What type of genetic drift results from a dramatic reduction in population size due to events like natural disasters, leading to a change in the gene pool?

What is the term for the transfer of genetic material that occurs when individuals move into or out of a population?

What term refers to all of the alleles of all the genes present in all individuals within a population?

When two new strands of DNA are made from one original DNA molecule, the process is called _____.

When DNA is used as a template (pattern) to make a strand of messenger RNA, the process is called _____.

When messenger RNA is used as a template to synthesize a chain of amino acids (a polypeptide), the process is called _____.

Select the correct sequence representing the central dogma of molecular biology, the flow of genetic information.

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a specific protein (or functional RNA molecule) is a _____.

A transfer RNA (t-RNA) molecule does which of the following? (Select all that apply)

The spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system is called _____.

Which statements correctly describe proto-oncogenes? (Check all that apply)

Which statements correctly describe tumor suppressor genes? (Check all that apply)

Which of the following are known potential causes or risk factors for cancer? (Select all that apply)

Which cancer treatment involves the physical removal of tumors and is often curative for early-stage, accessible cancers?

Which cancer treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, often used after surgery or when cancer has spread locally?

Which cancer treatment uses drugs that travel throughout the body to kill cancer cells, typically used when cancer has metastasized?

Which type of cancer treatment utilizes the body's own immune system to fight cancer, potentially involving vaccines or drugs that boost immune response?

What term describes a pair of chromosomes that are the same size, shape, and carry genes for the same traits, with one inherited from each parent?

What is a characteristic of an organism (like eye color or height) that is produced by the actions of one or more genes?

What is a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule, influencing a particular trait?

What are the different versions or forms of the same gene that produce different variations of the gene's trait?

Check all the statements about pedigrees that are true.

In genetics, a _____ is an individual who does not show symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but possesses one copy of the recessive allele, allowing them to potentially pass it on to offspring.

Sex-linked conditions like red-green color-blindness often occur because a defective allele on the X-chromosome has no corresponding allele on the smaller _____ chromosome to potentially mask its effect.

What is the genetic phenomenon where a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits?

What type of inheritance occurs when a single trait, often showing continuous variation (like height or skin color), is influenced by the combined effects of two or more genes?

What term describes autosomal genes (not on X or Y chromosomes) whose expression is modified by the presence of sex hormones, leading to different phenotypes in males and females?

Within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, DNA is tightly coiled and wrapped around proteins called _____.

When cells are not actively preparing to divide, the complex of DNA and associated proteins exists in a less condensed, disorganized form called _____.

When cells are preparing to divide or are undergoing division (mitosis or meiosis), DNA becomes highly condensed and organized into distinct structures called _____.

What is the term for any cell in a multicellular organism except for the sperm and egg cells (or their precursors)?

What is the term for a mature haploid male or female germ cell (sperm or egg) that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote?

What are chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual called?

What are the chromosomes called that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y in mammals)?

The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs in somatic (body) cells, resulting in two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the parent nucleus, is called _____.

What phase of the cell cycle represents the primary period of cell growth before DNA synthesis begins?

What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis (replication), resulting in the duplication of chromosomes to form sister chromatids?

What phase of the cell cycle follows DNA synthesis and involves further cell growth and preparation for mitosis?

What phase of the cell cycle includes the process of nuclear division, where the duplicated chromosomes are segregated into two identical sets?

What phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm, physically separating the cell into two daughter cells after nuclear division (mitosis) is complete?

During which stage of mitosis does chromatin condense to form visible chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle begins to form?

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes, attached to the spindle fibers via their centromeres, align along the equatorial plate (middle) of the cell?

During which stage of mitosis are the sister chromatids of each chromosome pulled apart by the spindle fibers and moved towards opposite poles of the cell?

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense back into chromatin, and new nuclear envelopes form around the two sets of chromosomes?

Microtubule filaments play an important role in cell division. First, in forming the _____, which attaches to and separates the chromatids. Later, actin filaments form a contractile ring at the mid-line of the cell during _____ in animal cells.

What structure in animal cells acts as the primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division?

What are the two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are joined together at the centromere called?

What is the specialized region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are most closely attached after replication?

What is the term for the complex of DNA and proteins (primarily histones) that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, existing in a relatively disorganized, uncoiled state when the cell is not dividing?

What is the highly organized structure, visible during cell division, consisting of DNA tightly coiled around proteins?

Which of the following statements correctly compare meiosis and mitosis? (Check all that are correct.)

Regarding chromosome separation in Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which distribution pattern occurs?

Processes that can introduce genetic variation (or errors like aneuploidy) during meiosis include: (Check all that are correct.)

What is a carbon footprint?

List three common greenhouse gasses.

An _____ measures the amount of natural resources used by each person in an area.

The ozone layer of the atmosphere absorbs _____.

If a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment it will _____ around this level.

Environmental factors affect population size. What is an example of a density-dependent regulating factor?

The carrying capacity of a given environment for a given species for a prolonged period of time is affected by which of the following? (Select all that apply)

_____ growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity and eventually levels off, represented by an S-shaped growth curve.

The _____ at which a female has her _____ has a dramatic impact on the rate at which a population grows. This is the most important factor in determining a female's reproductive potential.

What is biodiversity?

What are biogeochemical cycles?

What is biological magnification?

What is biomass?

What are omnivores?

Referring to ecological succession, primary succession is characterized by: (Select all that apply)

Referring to ecological succession, secondary succession is characterized by: (Select all that apply)

What is a primary consumer?

What is a secondary consumer?

What is a niche?

What is a trophic level?

Which points were made in the video about the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone? (Select all that are correct.)

Which of the following was NOT present in the atmosphere of very early Earth?

Which of the following processes do NOT typically produce increased genetic variation in populations?

What is the term for when fertile individuals move into and out of populations and produce offspring?

What type were the earliest cells?

Which feature of an organism would promote fossilization?

Choose the incorrect statement.

Which hominin species, known as 'handy man', is associated with the early use of tools and possibly language?

Which hominin species, known as 'thinking man', is characterized by a larger brain and a more 'modern' skull shape?

Which group of extinct hominins are known for having lived in caves in Europe and Asia?

Which group of early modern humans lived in caves and are famous for creating cave paintings?

Which of the following primates is our closest now-living relative?

What is macroevolution?

What is microevolution?

What defines a species according to the biological species concept?

What is speciation?

What is adaptation in the context of evolution?

What is the founder effect?

What is the bottleneck effect?

What is gene flow?

What is a gene pool?

When two new strands of DNA are made from one DNA molecule, the process is called _____.

When DNA is used as a template (pattern) to make a strand of messenger RNA, the process is called _____.

When messenger RNA is used as a template to make a chain of amino acids (a protein), the process is called _____.

Select the correct sequence representing the central dogma of molecular biology.

A segment of DNA with instructions for producing a specific protein is a _____.

A transfer RNA (t-RNA) molecule: (Select all that apply)

The spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body is _____.

Check all that are correct. Proto-oncogenes are genes that:

Check all that are correct. Tumor suppressor genes:

Which of the following are known to potentially cause cancer (carcinogens)? (Select all that apply)

Which cancer treatment involves the physical removal of a tumor and offers a potential complete cure for early, accessible tumors?

Which cancer treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and is often used when cancer has spread locally or after surgery?

Which cancer treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body and is typically used when cancer has metastasized?

What type of cancer treatment utilizes the body's own immune system, sometimes involving vaccines, to fight cancer cells?

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

What is a trait in genetics?

What is a gene?

What are alleles?

Check all the statements about pedigrees that are true.

In genetics, a _____ is someone who displays the dominant (often healthy) phenotype but carries a recessive allele for a particular condition.

Sex-linked conditions like color-blindness often exist because a defective gene on the X-chromosome has no corresponding allele on the smaller _____ chromosome to mask its effect in males.

What is pleiotropy?

What is polygenic inheritance?

What are sex-influenced genes?

DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is packaged by wrapping around proteins called _____.

When cells are not actively preparing to divide, DNA exists in a less condensed, 'disorganized' form called _____.

When cells are preparing to divide or are in the process of division, DNA is organized into highly condensed structures called _____.

What is a somatic cell?

What is a gamete?

What are autosomes?

What are sex chromosomes?

The process of cell division for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in somatic (body) cells is called _____.

Which phase of the cell cycle (interphase) involves major cell growth occurring before DNA synthesis begins?

Which phase of the cell cycle (interphase) involves DNA synthesis (replication), leading to the formation of sister chromatids?

Which phase of the cell cycle (interphase) involves further cell growth occurring after DNA synthesis is completed?

Which phase of the cell cycle includes the actual division of the nucleus, producing two daughter nuclei?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves the division of the cytoplasm, occurring after mitosis is complete?

During which stage of mitosis does chromatin condense to form visible chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle begins to form?

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes, attached to the spindle fibers, align along the equatorial plate (middle) of the cell?

During which stage of mitosis are the sister chromatids of each chromosome pulled apart by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell?

During which stage of mitosis does a nuclear envelope reform around the sets of chromosomes at each pole, and the chromosomes begin to decondense?

Microtubule filaments play an important role in cell division. First, in forming the _____, which attaches to and separates the chromatids. Later, microfilaments (actin) form a contractile ring at the mid-line of the cell during _____ in animal cells.

What structure in animal cells acts as the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) for the mitotic spindle?

What are the two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are attached to each other at the centromere called?

What is the specialized region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are most closely attached?

What is the term for the complex of DNA and proteins (primarily histones) that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, appearing less condensed when the cell is not dividing?

What is the term for a structure found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA, which becomes highly organized and condensed during cell division?

Which of the following statements comparing meiosis and mitosis are true? (Check all that are correct.)

Regarding the separation of genetic material in Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which of the following distribution patterns occurs?

Processes that can introduce genetic variation (or errors) during meiosis include: (Check all that are correct.)