CSS: Control, Style, and Embedding Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which organization established Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)?

  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
  • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (correct)
  • Ecma International
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

In CSS, if multiple conflicting styles are applied to an element, which style is typically applied?

  • The style declared first.
  • The style with the highest specificity.
  • The style declared last. (correct)
  • The style with the most general selector.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of using CSS for web development?

  • It allows direct manipulation of the server.
  • It provides greater control over the style of web pages. (correct)
  • It automatically optimizes website content for search engines.
  • It reduces the need for HTML.

What is a potential drawback of using CSS for styling web pages?

<p>Inconsistent interpretation across different browsers. (A)</p>
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Which method of embedding CSS involves the use of the style attribute directly within HTML elements?

<p>Inline CSS (C)</p>
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Which of the following embedding methods is most suitable for applying unique styles to a specific element in HTML?

<p>Inline CSS (D)</p>
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Which embedding method is defined within a <style> tag inside the HTML document?

<p>Internal CSS (A)</p>
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Which of the following is a characteristic of external CSS?

<p>It is written in a separate .css file and linked via <code>&lt;link&gt;</code>. (C)</p>
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What is a primary disadvantage of using inline CSS in large projects?

<p>It leads to redundancy and decreased maintainability. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is a key advantage of using internal CSS?

<p>It allows for centralized styling within a single HTML document. (D)</p>
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When is external CSS most recommended?

<p>For projects with multiple HTML pages needing consistent styling. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of external CSS?

<p>It requires an additional HTTP request. (D)</p>
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In a scenario where inline, internal, and external CSS rules conflict, which style will be applied?

<p>The inline CSS rule. (A)</p>
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What is the primary function of CSS selectors?

<p>To apply styles to specific HTML elements. (D)</p>
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What is the key difference between an ID and a class in CSS?

<p>IDs are unique identifiers, while classes can be applied to multiple elements. (C)</p>
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What does the CSS element selector target?

<p>All instances of a particular HTML element. (B)</p>
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How does the CSS ID selector differ from the CSS class selector?

<p>The ID selector targets only one element with a specified ID, while the class selector targets all elements with a specified class. (A)</p>
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What is the main purpose of the universal selector in CSS?

<p>To apply styles to all elements on a webpage. (A)</p>
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What is the primary benefit of using a group selector in CSS?

<p>It reduces redundancy in CSS code by applying the same styles to multiple selectors. (B)</p>
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Which component of the CSS box model represents the space between the content and the border?

<p>Padding (A)</p>
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Which of the following CSS properties is used to control the space outside the border of an element?

<p>Margin (B)</p>
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In CSS, what is a pseudo-class used for?

<p>Applying styles to a special state of an element. (A)</p>
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Which pseudo-class is used to style an element when the mouse pointer is over it?

<p>:hover (C)</p>
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Which pseudo-class is applied to an element while it is being activated by the user?

<p>:active (C)</p>
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Which pseudo-class is used to apply styles to unvisited links?

<p>:link (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of the :visited pseudo-class in CSS?

<p>To style a link that has already been visited. (C)</p>
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Which pseudo-class would be selected to apply a style to the last list item in an unordered list?

<p>:last-child (A)</p>
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Given the following CSS rule: h2 {font-style: italic;}, h2 {color: darkblue;}, h2 {color: red;}, how would <h2> tags be displayed?

<p>Red and italics (B)</p>
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When to use inline CSS?

<p>For styling specific HTML element within an HTML document (C)</p>
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What are the options for CSS Selectors?

<p>All of the above (D)</p>
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Flashcards

What is CSS?

CSS gives more control over the look, or style, of web pages and how HTML tags are interpreted by the browser.

CSS Cascading

In CSS, the browser interprets multiple styles in a cascading fashion, applying rules from site-wide settings down to individual tags and user preferences.

Inline CSS

Inline CSS is applied directly to an HTML element using the 'style' attribute.

Internal CSS

Internal CSS is defined within a <style> tag inside the HTML document, typically in the section.

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External CSS

External CSS is written in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML document via the tag.

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When to use Inline CSS

Inline CSS is useful for styling specific elements with unique styles or for quick adjustments, but can lead to redundancy and is not ideal for large projects.

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When to Use Internal CSS

Internal CSS is suited for scenarios needing consistent style across multiple elements within a single HTML document, providing a balance between organization and simplicity.

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When to Use External CSS

External CSS is recommended for projects with multiple HTML pages needing a consistent style, allowing for centralized management and easy updates.

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Advantages of Internal CSS

Internal CSS allows for centralized styling within a single HTML document and promotes consistency.

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Advantages of External CSS

External CSS promotes modularity, reusability, and centralized management of styles across multiple HTML pages, improving maintainability.

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CSS Priority Rule

Inline styles take precedence over internal and external styles.

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CSS Selectors

CSS selectors are patterns to select the element(s) you want to style.

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CSS Element Selectors

CSS Element Selectors target all HTML elements of a specific type on a webpage.

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CSS ID Selectors

CSS ID Selectors target a specific HTML element with a unique identifier.

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CSS Class Selectors

CSS Class Selectors target multiple HTML elements that share a common class attribute.

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Universal Selector

The Universal Selector (*) applies styles to all elements on a webpage, useful for resetting styles.

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Group Selector

The Group Selector allows applying the same styles to multiple selectors, reducing redundancy in CSS code.

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CSS Box Model

The CSS Box Model consists of content, padding, border, and margin to define the space an HTML element takes up.

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Padding

Padding is the space between the content and the border of an element.

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Margin

Margin is the space outside the border, separating the element from other elements.

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CSS Pseudo-classes

CSS pseudo-classes are keywords added to selectors that specify a special state of the selected element, allowing dynamic styling.

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:hover

The :hover pseudo-class applies styles when the mouse pointer is over an element.

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:active

The :active pseudo-class applies styles when an element is being activated by the user (e.g., during a click).

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CSS ID

CSS ID is unique, indicated by '#' symbol, meaning an ID with a particular name should be only one in the entire HTML page.

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CSS Class

CSS Class can be applied to multiple elements, denoted by '.' symbol.

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Study Notes

  • CSS specifications give web pages more control over style and look
  • It defines how the browser interprets HTML tags
  • Browser interprets styles cascade
  • Site-wide styles are overridden by individual page styles
  • Individual pages are overridden by one tag's style
  • The end user can override author styles in the browser
  • All non-conflicting rules are applied, with the latter applied in conflicts

Pros of CSS

  • Provides greater designer control
  • Site-wide changes made easily
  • Improves website accessibility for non-graphical browsers and software

Cons of CSS

  • Style sheets may be interpreted differently by browsers
  • Certain styles might not show up on some browsers

Methods of Embedding CSS

  • Inline CSS applies directly using the 'style' attribute in an element
  • Internal CSS defines inside a <style> tag, within the HTML document
  • External CSS is written in a separate .css file and linked using <link>

Inline CSS

  • Used when styling specific HTML elements within an HTML document
  • Styles unique elements, like changing color or font size
  • Quick styling without a separate CSS file, useful for small or one-off styling
  • Used for testing and prototyping before finalizing styling

Considerations for Inline CSS

  • Extensive use not advised for larger projects, but judicious application is acceptable

Inline CSS Style Applications

  • Applied using the style attribute
  • The syntax for using the style attribute follows a specific pattern: <tagname style="property: value;">Content</tagname>
  • Changes a paragraph tag to red using the following: <p style="color: red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>

Advantages of Inline CSS

  • Convenient for quick styling and suiting quick prototyping or testing

Disadvantages of Inline CSS

  • Presents a Uniform Styling Challenge meaning using inline CSS for each element can cause redundancy with decreased maintainability when elements share same design
  • It is non-reusable for elements or pages, increasing effort for consistency
  • It is difficult to edit because it becomes harder to maintain and modify styles stored in a single HTML location
  • Using it means limited selectors when styles for pseudo-classes or complex selectors is not feasible
  • It lacks a Browser Cache Advantage so can't be cached for future use, affecting page loading performance

Internal CSS

  • Method of applying styles to an HTML document by including styles within the <style> element of the document's <head> section
  • Centralized styling affects multiple elements throughout the entire HTML document

Internal CSS Usefulness

  • When a consistent style is desired across multiple elements or pages within the same HTML document
  • It makes Maintaining a consistent design straightforward
  • It balances organization and simplicity in Moderate-sized projects that don't need an external stylesheet
  • Allows for Quick Styling Adjustments without a separate external CSS file

Advantages of Internal CSS

  • It allows for organized and centralized styling, making it easier to manage and maintain styles throughout the HTML document
  • Styles defined internally can be reused throughout promoting consistency and reducing redundancy
  • Balances simplicity with organization, being ideal for moderate-sized projects

Disadvantages of Internal CSS

  • Not ideal for large projects because using it with multiple HTML pages might cause code duplication with decreased maintainability, thus external stylesheets are recommended

External CSS

  • Creating a separate CSS file storing the styles for an HTML document
  • The HTML document links to this external stylesheet, allowing for centralized, reusable styling on multiple pages

External CSS Usefulness

  • In projects that need consistent styling or have multiple HTML pages
  • It supports consistency across multiple HTML pages
  • For Larger Projects, it is a modular and organized way to manage styles and improve maintainability
  • Easy Updates and style changes without modifying the HTML files

Advantages of External CSS

  • External CSS promotes modularity separating styles from HTML, so the stylesheet is reusable across multiple pages
  • Centralized Management means maintaining all styles in a single file and updating styles without modifying the HTML documents is straightforward
  • Browser Cache Advantage means external stylesheets are cached resulting in faster loading times for users that have previously visited the site

Disadvantages of External CSS

  • Additional HTTP Request which may marginally impact load times from loading an external stylesheet, especially for smaller projects

Inline vs. Internal vs. External CSS

Inline CSS

  • Application Method is that it is applied directly to HTML elements using the style attribute
  • Common Usage Scenario is ideal for styling individual elements with unique styles, making quick styling adjustments without external stylesheets, testing and prototyping during initial development
  • Considerations are that it is not recommended for extensive use in larger projects with limited reusability and maintainability.

Internal CSS

  • Application Method is that style dened within the element in the document's section
  • Common Usage Scenario is for consistent styling across multiple elements within a single HTML document. Suitable for moderate-sized projects balancing organization and simplicity, with quick styling adjustments without the need for an external file, appropriate when unique effects overall styles consistent across multiple pages
  • When multiple tags share or unique effects required

External CSS

  • Application Method is storing style in a CSS file linking HTML using the tag
  • Common Usage Scenario provides for easy updates and changes without modifying HTML files with improved organization for larger projects with consistent styling across multiple HTML pages
  • Recommeded for centralized management of styles for larger projects

CSS Priority Rule

  • Inline styles applied within HTML elements take priority over internal styles defined in the document and externally linked CSS files
  • Tags that have defined inline styles cannot be overridden by internal or external stylesheets
  • Styles defined internally will not be affected by external CSS rules

CSS Selectors

  • They play a vital role in webpage design, allowing for precise styling and layout control
  • Defined by a set of rules determining which elements on the page they apply to
Examples of CSS selectors
  • Targets specific HTML elements for styling using CSS element selector
  • Selects elements based on unique identifiers using CSS ID selector
  • Targets elements with a specific class attribute using CSS class selector
  • It applies styles to all elements on a webpage using the universal selector
  • Allows for simultaneous styling of multiple selectors by grouping them using group selector

ID and Class Concept

  • ID is unique, indicated by "#" symbol, meaning an ID is only for a single HTML page
  • Class can be applied to multiple elements, denoted by "." symbol
  • Used for unique/singular components for styles or JavaScript/CSS interaction or anchoring/linking
  • Classes used when multiple elements share styles/functionality for efficient styling and versatile across elements to maintain styling of navigation menus, buttons, and sections

CSS Element Selector

  • Selects and applies styles to all instances of a particular HTML element on a webpage targeting all elements of the specified type
  • When using element selector, the defined styles will be applied universally to all HTML elements matching the selected tag
  • Useful for applying consistent styles across multiple elements of the same type on webpages

CSS ID Selector

  • Selects and applies styles to a specific HTML element with a unique identifier, targeting only one element with the ID
  • With its use, the defined styles only are applied exclusively to the HTML element matching its ID
  • It is ideal for interacting/styling a singular web page component

CSS Class Selector

  • It facilitates selecting/applying styles in multiple HTML elements sharing a common class attribute, targeting those elements having the specified class
  • Defined styles will be applied to all HTML elements with the specified class
  • Applies consistent styles to groups across the webpage

Universal Selector

  • Selects/applies styles in all webpage elements
  • Defined styles will be applied universally
  • It is useful for applying global or resetting default browser styles across webpages

Group Selector

  • They facilitate applying the same styles to multiple selectors by grouping together
  • All elements matched by the selectors will have the defined styles applied
  • Useful for reducing code redundancy and applying consistent styles to multiple elements

CSS Box Model

  • Fundamental concept in web design for structured and spaced elements in a webpage, consisting of several key components defining dimension/layout
  • Content: Actual content like text and images
  • Padding: Space between content and border
  • Border: Edge surrounding an element
  • Margin: Space outside border, separating elements

Box Model Styles

  • Allows developers to control the dimensions/spacing using properties like padding, margin, and border

Pseudo-classes in CSS

  • Defined as a keyword combined with its selector to define selections, where an effect can be applied
Pseudo-classes Examples:
  • :hover: Applying styles to an element when the mouse pointer hovers over it.
  • :active: Styles for an element being activated by the user.
  • :link: Applies styles to unvisited links.
  • :visited: Styles to visited links.
  • :last-child: Applies styles for the last child of a parent element.

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