CSC 111: Data Processing Methods

• The following are study notes for CSC 111: Information Processing by Professor A.A. Adebiyi

Data Processing Introduction

• Data processing involves methods and procedures for collecting and processing raw data.
• The goal is to transform the data into valuable information efficiently and effectively.
• This process can be manual or computerized.
• Data processing is commonly linked with business activities, including sales order and payroll processing.

Methods of Data Processing

• Data processing methods can be categorized into manual, mechanical, and computer methods.

Manual Method

• The manual method uses tools such as pens, pencils, and paper to record, classify, manipulate, sort, and present data.
• This method involves considerable mental effort and can be cumbersome, tiresome, boring, frustrating, and time-consuming.
• Manual processing is prone to human errors, which reduces data reliability.

Mechanical Method

• The mechanical method uses machines such as calculators and adding machines.
• The mechanical operations are considered routine and do not require mental or creative thinking.
• This method can be noisy, hazardous, error-prone, and untidy.
• Mechanical methods do not allow for processing large amounts of data continuously or in a timely manner.

Computer Method

• The computer method involves using an electronic computer system.
• Computer operations can process large amounts of data steadily and continuously.
• Computer method allows for long-term data storage.
• It allows for easy and neat correction of errors.
• Speedy and accurate processing of data offered by computer methods.

Types of Data Processing

• Types of data processing include batch processing, online processing, centralized systems, decentralized systems, and distributed systems.

Batch Processing

• Batch processing collects data over days or weeks and processes it all at once as a 'batch'.
• Users needing to make a request of the system may have to wait until the batch is processed.
• Batch processing is less expensive than online processing.
• It is suitable for work not requiring immediate responses to queries.

Online Processing

• Online processing, also called real-time processing, enters transactions into a computer system as they happen.
• It updates the master files as the transaction occurs.
• Withdrawing cash from an ATM automatically computes the account balance.
• Airline reservation systems also use online processing.

Centralized System

• A centralized system uses a main computer and connects users through remote terminals.
• Processing activities by departments occur via the host computer, usually in the computer center.
• Centralized systems limit capital expenditure to one computer system.
• They can lead to higher storage and processing capacity with one large, powerful computer.
• There are economies in operational costs due to the centralization of system analysts, programmers, and other data staff.
• A complex central computer requires a specialized environment (like air-conditioning) and special training for staff.
• Centralized systems do not facilitate user involvement.

Decentralized System

• A decentralized system provides each department with its own computer system.
• Departments meet data processing needs internally, with a computer system in each department.
• User involvement is enhanced in the decentralized system.
• The time lag between source data origination is reduced.
• Specialization is enhanced, as each department specializes in its information needs.
• Decentralized systems do not require complex systems or special environments.
• There are faster responses to customer inquiries, hence there is improved customer satisfaction.
• Installation and maintenance are costly.
• Computer resources are duplicated.
• It is difficult to maintain standards, since departments evolve various information processing patterns.
• Dispersed computing facilities can increase security problems.

Distributed System

• Distributed data processing uses a cluster of interconnected computers in a network.
• Various departments linked together form a distributed system.
• Each locality maintains its database but can still communicate and cooperate with other departments, improving data exchange.
• Decentralization allows better control over the system; breakdowns are restricted to specific locations.
• Decentralized processing facilitates greater user or customer involvement, reducing processing time.
• Distributed systems do not require costly air conditioning.
• Installing smaller computers at different locations is more economical than concentrating all work on a central machine.
• There may be duplication of data records.
• There is greater difficulty ensuring adherence to strict data processing standards.

Data and Information Processing Department

• Recent advances in information and communications technology (ICT) have changed the organization of IS (Information Systems) departments and IS specialists.
• Traditionally, the department was the Data Processing Department (DPD), with Analysis, Programming, and Operations units.
• Current IS departments are technology-motivated and require expertise in networking, client/server computing, databases, and software development paradigms.
• Redesigned to reflect event trends, the IS department is led by a Chief Information Officer (CIO).
• The CIO oversees units like Systems Development, Database Administration, Telecommunications, and End-User computing.
• eCommerce is carrying out transactions on the Internet.
• Telecommuting: The Internet has brought about the concept of virtual workplace where workers are not confined to the central office or place of work.
• eBanking, eLearning and ePayment are other advancements.

Functions of the IS Department

• Functions include Systems Development, Database Administration, Telecommunications, End-User Computing, and Computer Operations.

Systems Development

• Analysis and programming units are combined, with analysts and programmers co-existing.
• A single person with sufficient knowledge in the required area doubles as both analyst and programmer.
• Analysts/systems analysts analyse and design new systems.
• Programmers build/develop systems by coding based on specifications.
• The unit is responsible for developing system modeling or prototyping, developing the actual system, testing against objectives, system implementation, conversion, post-implementation, and maintenance.

Database Administration

• The current working arrangement necessitates deploying applications on the Internet.
• It also covers creating enterprise resource software for organizations on intranets (within the office) and extranets (other branches).
• This needs client/server computing to manage requests and demands efficiently.
• At the front-end, clients request information from the back-end server.
• Database administrators design and manage databases for optimal results.
• The database administrator installs, configures, and optimizes SQL servers.
• They create and manage databases and files.
• Database administrators transfer data from other database management systems to SQL servers.
• They replicate data and manage security.
• The database admins maintain backups and automate management tasks.
• Database developers define databases.
• They create and manage database objects.
• Database admins work with data in the databases.
• They test and optimize applications that access the database by optimizing the database performance.

Telecommunications

• Modern business needs collapsing time and distance barriers, achieveable through telecommunications.
• Firms can communicate with individuals, branches, and other firms over a geographically dispersed area through the networking of resources.
• This unit has network engineers who set the layout of cables (wired network) or set up radios (wireless network).
• Network administrators manage the network by assigning rights and privileges.
• Specific responsibilities include creating/managing accounts, maintaining security, training users, updating software, preventing data loss, tuning networks, backing up data, protecting the network, and troubleshooting.

End-User Computing

• It attends to the needs and requests of end-users or clients.
• This unit is responsible for offering help-desk services, training users, and providing installation services.

Computer Operations

• This unit manages the general operations of computer systems, including hardware and software.
• It is concerned with the general operation and execution of jobs.
• Responsibilities include ensuring the smooth running of systems, minimizing system downtime, and maintaining records of system utilization.