Podcast
Questions and Answers
For how long does a welder’s qualification remain in effect?
For how long does a welder’s qualification remain in effect?
- Two years (correct)
- One year
- Indefinitely
- Six months
A welder’s qualification may be revoked by the Canadian Welding Bureau if the welder has NOT been engaged in a given process for a period of three months or more.
A welder’s qualification may be revoked by the Canadian Welding Bureau if the welder has NOT been engaged in a given process for a period of three months or more.
True (A)
For how long does a welding operator’s qualification remain in effect?
For how long does a welding operator’s qualification remain in effect?
- Indefinitely, unless there is a reason to question his/her ability (correct)
- Six months
- Two years
- One year
Tack welders must be qualified.
Tack welders must be qualified.
For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid?
For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid?
What information concerning the qualifications of its welding personnel must a company prepare, and keep on file for review by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
What information concerning the qualifications of its welding personnel must a company prepare, and keep on file for review by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
Does a company in Division 1 or Division 2 require a welding engineer?
Does a company in Division 1 or Division 2 require a welding engineer?
How many years of welding related experience must welding engineers have in order to be employed in a Division 1 or retained for a Division 2 company?
How many years of welding related experience must welding engineers have in order to be employed in a Division 1 or retained for a Division 2 company?
What are the experience requirements and basic responsibilities of welding supervisors?
What are the experience requirements and basic responsibilities of welding supervisors?
In addition to the five years of welding related experience and basic responsibilities, what other requirements are specified in CSA Standard W47.1 for welding supervisors?
In addition to the five years of welding related experience and basic responsibilities, what other requirements are specified in CSA Standard W47.1 for welding supervisors?
How are welding personnel qualified under CSA Standard W47.1?
How are welding personnel qualified under CSA Standard W47.1?
Can an unqualified welder or welding operator be used by a certified company to perform some of its production welding?
Can an unqualified welder or welding operator be used by a certified company to perform some of its production welding?
Must all welding personnel qualification testing be witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
Must all welding personnel qualification testing be witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid?
For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid?
Does CSA Standard W47.1 specify the requirements for a company seeking certification?
Does CSA Standard W47.1 specify the requirements for a company seeking certification?
Who is responsible for the welded products a company produces?
Who is responsible for the welded products a company produces?
Does CSA Standard W47.1 approve the products and services of a certified company?
Does CSA Standard W47.1 approve the products and services of a certified company?
What requirements are stipulated in CSA Standard W47.1?
What requirements are stipulated in CSA Standard W47.1?
What standard or code reference publications are referred to in CSA Standard W47.1?
What standard or code reference publications are referred to in CSA Standard W47.1?
What is the difference between 'class' and 'classification'?
What is the difference between 'class' and 'classification'?
What are the welding personnel classifications specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
What are the welding personnel classifications specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
What is a Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS)?
What is a Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS)?
What are the responsibilities of a welding supervisor as defined in CSA Standard W47.1?
What are the responsibilities of a welding supervisor as defined in CSA Standard W47.1?
Who administers CSA Standard W47.1?
Who administers CSA Standard W47.1?
For how long does a company’s certification remain in effect?
For how long does a company’s certification remain in effect?
Can the Canadian Welding Bureau withdraw a company’s certification?
Can the Canadian Welding Bureau withdraw a company’s certification?
Can individuals seek an exemption from writing examinations?
Can individuals seek an exemption from writing examinations?
Does a company doing only erection work involving welding need a plant?
Does a company doing only erection work involving welding need a plant?
Can a company seek exemptions for certain welding techniques, processes, operations, and specialized products?
Can a company seek exemptions for certain welding techniques, processes, operations, and specialized products?
Is each company required to designate an individual responsible for implementing and maintaining CSA Standard W47.1?
Is each company required to designate an individual responsible for implementing and maintaining CSA Standard W47.1?
Explain the difference between the 3 main divisions in which companies are certified.
Explain the difference between the 3 main divisions in which companies are certified.
What company personnel must meet the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1?
What company personnel must meet the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1?
Welding personnel who qualify on the test assemblies specified in CSA Standard W47.1 are qualified for welding steel in what range of thickness or fillet size?
Welding personnel who qualify on the test assemblies specified in CSA Standard W47.1 are qualified for welding steel in what range of thickness or fillet size?
Can welders qualify in a specific position without following the normal progression of qualification?
Can welders qualify in a specific position without following the normal progression of qualification?
What types of identification documents are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
What types of identification documents are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau?
Who owns the welding personnel identification cards?
Who owns the welding personnel identification cards?
Identify the welding processes that welding personnel can use to obtain a qualification.
Identify the welding processes that welding personnel can use to obtain a qualification.
For the GMAW process, what change in mode of metal transfer requires a separate qualification?
For the GMAW process, what change in mode of metal transfer requires a separate qualification?
How many joint configuration options are there for the S classification SMAW, GMAW and GTAW test plate assembly?
How many joint configuration options are there for the S classification SMAW, GMAW and GTAW test plate assembly?
In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the SMAW process?
In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the SMAW process?
In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the FCAW and SAW processes?
In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the FCAW and SAW processes?
To qualify for the FW classification is a stop and restart required?
To qualify for the FW classification is a stop and restart required?
To qualify for the S classification is a stop and restart required in the root of the groove?
To qualify for the S classification is a stop and restart required in the root of the groove?
What are the various classifications welders, welding operators or tack welders obtain?
What are the various classifications welders, welding operators or tack welders obtain?
If a welder has a qualification for the FW classification, is he or she also qualified for S classification in the same process, class and mode?
If a welder has a qualification for the FW classification, is he or she also qualified for S classification in the same process, class and mode?
What are the modes of process application and qualification requirements associated with welding personnel qualification testing?
What are the modes of process application and qualification requirements associated with welding personnel qualification testing?
If a welder is qualified on a standard W47.1 test assembly in the vertical-up position, is the welder allowed to weld vertically down?
If a welder is qualified on a standard W47.1 test assembly in the vertical-up position, is the welder allowed to weld vertically down?
Where in CSA Standard W47.1 do you find the F group designations for SMAW electrodes?
Where in CSA Standard W47.1 do you find the F group designations for SMAW electrodes?
When using a semi-automatic welding process such as FCAW or GMAW, is a welder qualified to use electrodes and a shielding medium other than that used for the welder’s test?
When using a semi-automatic welding process such as FCAW or GMAW, is a welder qualified to use electrodes and a shielding medium other than that used for the welder’s test?
Is a separate qualification required for welding on galvanized surfaces?
Is a separate qualification required for welding on galvanized surfaces?
Can radiography be used to evaluate GMAW welder or welding operator qualification test plate assemblies?
Can radiography be used to evaluate GMAW welder or welding operator qualification test plate assemblies?
What portion of a standard SMAW welder’s qualification test plate assembly is evaluated if radiography is used?
What portion of a standard SMAW welder’s qualification test plate assembly is evaluated if radiography is used?
If a welder’s qualification test assembly is assessed by bend testing, what surface discontinuities would constitute a failure in a bend specimen?
If a welder’s qualification test assembly is assessed by bend testing, what surface discontinuities would constitute a failure in a bend specimen?
What is the maximum single pass fillet weld size allowed for 1GF, 3GF and 4GF S classification welder qualification tests and what is the maximum permissible undercut?
What is the maximum single pass fillet weld size allowed for 1GF, 3GF and 4GF S classification welder qualification tests and what is the maximum permissible undercut?
What are the standard welder test assemblies for S classification?
What are the standard welder test assemblies for S classification?
If an S classification SMAW or GMAW standard welder’s plate test assembly is assessed by bend testing, how many bend test specimens are required from each test assembly?
If an S classification SMAW or GMAW standard welder’s plate test assembly is assessed by bend testing, how many bend test specimens are required from each test assembly?
What are the results required for a successful FW classification test?
What are the results required for a successful FW classification test?
Do tack welders have to be qualified?
Do tack welders have to be qualified?
If a tack welder passes a fillet-weld break test, what is he or she allowed to weld?
If a tack welder passes a fillet-weld break test, what is he or she allowed to weld?
Is a welder with an ASW classification using the SMAW process also qualified for welding steel decking with the GMAW process?
Is a welder with an ASW classification using the SMAW process also qualified for welding steel decking with the GMAW process?
Welders qualifying for the ASW classification use the test assembly shown in what figure with the steel decking thickness selected from what table?
Welders qualifying for the ASW classification use the test assembly shown in what figure with the steel decking thickness selected from what table?
What are the visual inspection requirements for welders qualifying for the ASW qualification?
What are the visual inspection requirements for welders qualifying for the ASW qualification?
For welders qualifying for the ASW classification, is visual inspection of the weld the only method used to evaluate the test assembly?
For welders qualifying for the ASW classification, is visual inspection of the weld the only method used to evaluate the test assembly?
Are certified companies required to have welding procedure specifications?
Are certified companies required to have welding procedure specifications?
Are certified companies required to have welding procedure data sheets?
Are certified companies required to have welding procedure data sheets?
What is the basis for acceptance of a WPDS?
What is the basis for acceptance of a WPDS?
Except for sheet steel, what is the minimum thickness considered qualified for a welding procedure?
Except for sheet steel, what is the minimum thickness considered qualified for a welding procedure?
What information is typically listed on a PQR?
What information is typically listed on a PQR?
What are the 2 types of test groupings for welds specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
What are the 2 types of test groupings for welds specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
Is an increase in filler metal strength considered an essential variable requiring a requalification of the procedure?
Is an increase in filler metal strength considered an essential variable requiring a requalification of the procedure?
What tables are used to specify the range of thickness and diameter qualifications from procedure qualification tests?
What tables are used to specify the range of thickness and diameter qualifications from procedure qualification tests?
How are macro-etch specimens for partial penetration and fillet weld test assemblies evaluated?
How are macro-etch specimens for partial penetration and fillet weld test assemblies evaluated?
When a procedure qualification test requires reduced section tension tests the test specimens must meet what minimum tensile strength?
When a procedure qualification test requires reduced section tension tests the test specimens must meet what minimum tensile strength?
What supporting material thickness is required when performing an arc spot procedure qualification test?
What supporting material thickness is required when performing an arc spot procedure qualification test?
For what thickness range will an arc spot procedure qualification test qualify the procedure when successfully performed on steel decking of thickness T?
For what thickness range will an arc spot procedure qualification test qualify the procedure when successfully performed on steel decking of thickness T?
For what angle range will an arc spot procedure qualification test qualify the procedure when performed in the flat position on steel decking?
For what angle range will an arc spot procedure qualification test qualify the procedure when performed in the flat position on steel decking?
What are the visual acceptance criteria when performing an arc spot welding procedure qualification test?
What are the visual acceptance criteria when performing an arc spot welding procedure qualification test?
Why do welders, using the SMAW process, usually test with E4918 electrodes?
Why do welders, using the SMAW process, usually test with E4918 electrodes?
To determine the qualification tests required for a particular class and classification, which table in CSA Standard W47.1 would be used?
To determine the qualification tests required for a particular class and classification, which table in CSA Standard W47.1 would be used?
If a welder has failed a particular qualification test, which tables in CSA Standard W47.1 are used to determine the subsequent retests to obtain the desired qualification?
If a welder has failed a particular qualification test, which tables in CSA Standard W47.1 are used to determine the subsequent retests to obtain the desired qualification?
In which figure is the tack welder’s test assembly shown?
In which figure is the tack welder’s test assembly shown?
CSA Standard W47.1 provides the requirements that must be met and adhered to by a company seeking certification. True or False?
CSA Standard W47.1 provides the requirements that must be met and adhered to by a company seeking certification. True or False?
Certification can be considered as an approval of the products fabricated by a certified company. True or False?
Certification can be considered as an approval of the products fabricated by a certified company. True or False?
When a procedure qualification test requires reduced section tension tests the test specimens must meet what minimum tensile strength?
When a procedure qualification test requires reduced section tension tests the test specimens must meet what minimum tensile strength?
What supporting material thickness is required when performing an arc spot procedure qualification test?
What supporting material thickness is required when performing an arc spot procedure qualification test?
For what thickness range will an arc spot procedure qualification test on steel decking qualify the procedure?
For what thickness range will an arc spot procedure qualification test on steel decking qualify the procedure?
For what angle range will an arc spot procedure qualification test on steel decking in the flat position qualify the procedure?
For what angle range will an arc spot procedure qualification test on steel decking in the flat position qualify the procedure?
When performing an arc spot welding procedure qualification test, what are the visual acceptance criteria?
When performing an arc spot welding procedure qualification test, what are the visual acceptance criteria?
Why do welders, using the SMAW process, usually test with E4918 electrodes?
Why do welders, using the SMAW process, usually test with E4918 electrodes?
To determine the qualification tests required for a particular class and classification, which table in CSA Standard W47.1 would be used?
To determine the qualification tests required for a particular class and classification, which table in CSA Standard W47.1 would be used?
If a welder has failed a particular qualification test, which tables in CSA Standard W47.1 are used to determine the subsequent retests in order to obtain the desired qualification?
If a welder has failed a particular qualification test, which tables in CSA Standard W47.1 are used to determine the subsequent retests in order to obtain the desired qualification?
In which figure is the tack welder’s test assembly shown?
In which figure is the tack welder’s test assembly shown?
CSA Standard W47.1 provides the requirements that must be met and adhered to by a company seeking certification.
CSA Standard W47.1 provides the requirements that must be met and adhered to by a company seeking certification.
Certification can be considered as an approval of the products fabricated by a certified company.
Certification can be considered as an approval of the products fabricated by a certified company.
What does “Class” refer to?
What does “Class” refer to?
What does 'Classification' refer to?
What does 'Classification' refer to?
What organization administers CSA Standard W47.1?
What organization administers CSA Standard W47.1?
The Canadian Welding Bureau can withdraw a company’s certification if the company is NOT following the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1.
The Canadian Welding Bureau can withdraw a company’s certification if the company is NOT following the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1.
Must all welding performed by a certified company be done in accordance with the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1?
Must all welding performed by a certified company be done in accordance with the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1?
How many divisions of certification are specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
How many divisions of certification are specified in CSA Standard W47.1?
Is a company certified in Division 1 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer?
Is a company certified in Division 1 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer?
Is a company certified in Division 3 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer?
Is a company certified in Division 3 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer?
CSA Standard W47.1 requires each designated plant, shop or section to meet the requirements of certification within this Standard with respect to welders, welding procedure specifications, welding procedure data sheets, welding supervisor and welding engineer, where applicable.
CSA Standard W47.1 requires each designated plant, shop or section to meet the requirements of certification within this Standard with respect to welders, welding procedure specifications, welding procedure data sheets, welding supervisor and welding engineer, where applicable.
A company doing only erection work involving welding must have a plant in order to be certified to CSA Standard W47.1.
A company doing only erection work involving welding must have a plant in order to be certified to CSA Standard W47.1.
When must the company inform the Canadian Welding Bureau of any loss or change in welding engineering or supervisory personnel?
When must the company inform the Canadian Welding Bureau of any loss or change in welding engineering or supervisory personnel?
The company shall designate an individual who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1 are implemented and maintained.
The company shall designate an individual who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1 are implemented and maintained.
What are the duties of the welding engineer according to CSA Standard W47.1?
What are the duties of the welding engineer according to CSA Standard W47.1?
A welding supervisor with two years of fabrication experience is acceptable for a Division 1 company according to CSA Standard W47.1.
A welding supervisor with two years of fabrication experience is acceptable for a Division 1 company according to CSA Standard W47.1.
Who is responsible for ensuring that the companies personnel involved in welding are qualified and working with approved welding procedures in the shop and in the field?
Who is responsible for ensuring that the companies personnel involved in welding are qualified and working with approved welding procedures in the shop and in the field?
If there is a reason to doubt the welder’s ability, his/her qualification is suspended immediately and shall be required to pass a check test in the position and class held according to CSA Standard W47.1.
If there is a reason to doubt the welder’s ability, his/her qualification is suspended immediately and shall be required to pass a check test in the position and class held according to CSA Standard W47.1.
What types of identification cards are issued to welders by the Canadian Welding Bureau according to CSA Standard W47.1?
What types of identification cards are issued to welders by the Canadian Welding Bureau according to CSA Standard W47.1?
Who owns the welder cards that are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau according to CSA Standard W47.1?
Who owns the welder cards that are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau according to CSA Standard W47.1?
Who is responsible for ensuring that the welder’s identification cards or copies thereof can be produced as proof that a welder has valid qualifications according to CSA Standard W47.1?
Who is responsible for ensuring that the welder’s identification cards or copies thereof can be produced as proof that a welder has valid qualifications according to CSA Standard W47.1?
Study Notes
CSA Standard W47.1-09 Study Guide
Introduction
- This study guide is designed to assist welding supervisors in their study of CSA Standard W47.1.
- The guide includes questions with short answers, multiple-choice, and true or false exercise questions.
Clause 1: Scope
- CSA Standard W47.1 specifies the requirements for a company seeking certification.
- This certification may be mandatory or voluntary.
- This standard is not intended for applications governed by codes such as ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and API codes.
Clause 2: References
- CSA Standard W47.1 refers to various publications, including:
- CSA (Canadian Standards Association)
- ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials)
- AWS (American Welding Society)
- SCC (Standards Council of Canada)
Clause 3: Definitions
- Class refers to a category of welder qualification, e.g., flat, horizontal, vertical, or overhead welding positions.
- Classification refers to the various types of welding personnel, e.g., T, S, FW, ASW, or WT.
- Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) is a document detailing the welding parameters and ranges for welding a specific joint.
Clause 4: Administration
- The Canadian Welding Bureau administers CSA Standard W47.1.
- A company's certification remains in effect subject to periodic verification by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
- The Canadian Welding Bureau may withdraw a company's certification if the requirements are not met.
Clause 5: Company Requirements
- A company doing only erection work involving welding need not have a plant.
- A company may seek exemptions for certain welding techniques, processes, operations, and specialized products.
- Each company must designate an individual responsible for ensuring that the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1 are implemented and maintained.
Clause 6: Welding Engineers
- Companies in Division 1 or Division 2 require a welding engineer.
- Welding engineers must have a minimum of five years of welding-related experience.
Clause 7: Welding Supervisors
- Welding supervisors must have a minimum of five years of welding-related experience.
- Welding supervisors are responsible for ensuring that the company's personnel involved in welding are qualified and working with approved welding procedures.
- Welding supervisors may also perform training activities and schedule qualification test sessions.
Clause 8: Welding Personnel Qualification
- Welding personnel may be qualified on the basis of:
- Successfully meeting the qualification requirements specified in this Standard.
- Successfully performing a procedure qualification test.
- Successfully meeting the qualification requirements specified in other recognized national or international standards.
- A welder or welding operator who does not have a valid transferable or an appropriate nontransferable qualification identification document must pass the appropriate welder qualification test assemblies.
- Welding personnel qualification testing must be witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau's representative.### Mechanical Testing of Specimens
- Mechanical testing of specimens shall be performed by an accredited testing organization (ATO), a welding inspection organization certified to CSA Standard W178.1, or other organizations or laboratories acceptable to the Canadian Welding Bureau.
- Alternatively, the testing shall be witnessed by a Canadian Welding Bureau representative.
Tack Welder's Qualification
- A tack welder's qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely, unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1.
Welder's Qualification
- A welder's qualification shall remain in effect for two years, unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1.
- The Canadian Welding Bureau may require a welder to be check-tested before his/her qualifications expire.
Welding Operator's Qualification
- A welding operator's qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely, unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1 or 8.5.5.
Exemption from Check Test Requirement
- Welders may be granted an exemption from the two-year check testing requirement if the company can verify to the Canadian Welding Bureau's satisfaction that the welder has continued to use the process in the class held throughout the previous two years and has used it in production within the last three months.
Qualification for Welding Steel
- Welding personnel qualifying on the test assemblies shall be qualified for welding materials 3 mm (1/8 in) and above.
- Fillet weld tests shall qualify for all sizes of fillets.
Welding Processes
- The Standard covers the qualification of welding personnel for the following processes:
- Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
- Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and metal cored arc welding (MCAW)
- Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
- Submerged arc welding (SAW)
- Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
- Electroslag welding (ESW) and electrogas welding (EGW)
Classification of Welders
- Welding personnel shall be qualified in one or more of the following classifications:
- T classification
- S classification
- FW classification
- ASW classification
- WT classification
Modes of Process Application
- The four modes of process application are:
- Manual welding
- Semi-automatic welding
- Mechanized welding
- Automatic welding
Identification Documents
- The Canadian Welding Bureau shall issue one of the following qualification identification documents:
- A transferable identification card when qualification is based on standard test assemblies
- A nontransferable identification card when qualification is for specific process applications
- A letter in lieu of an identification card if deemed more suitable under exceptional circumstances### Visual Examination of Welds
- Fusion of the deck to the supporting member
- No cracks
- Maximum reinforcement of 3 mm (1/8 in)
- Weld nugget filled to at least the full thickness of the sheet(s)
- Fusion around 100% of the weld's circumference with no undercut
- No melt-through of the supporting member
Arc Spot Welds
- Minimum outside diameter of 16 mm (5/8 in) nominal for single sheets of 18 gauge or thinner
- Minimum outside diameter of 20 mm (3/4 in) for thicker single sheets and all double sheets
Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs)
- Required for each welding process in use
- Outlining the general welding procedure to be followed
- Including applicable essential variables
- Submitted to the Canadian Welding Bureau for acceptance
Welding Procedure Data Sheets (WPDSs)
- Prepared for welded joints used by the company
- Including essential variables and qualified by successful procedure qualification tests
- Submitted to the Canadian Welding Bureau for review and acceptance
Information Availability
- Information on WPSs and WPDSs made available to shop and field welding supervisors and other authorized personnel
Acceptance of WPDS
- Based on joint geometry and parameters specified by the governing standard
- Based on successful procedure qualification tests recorded on a PQR
Essential Variables
- Increase in filler metal strength considered an essential variable requiring requalification of the procedure
- Change in base metal steel group number
- Change in welding process
- Change of thickness outside the range allowed by Table 13
Procedure Qualification Tests
- Soundness and mechanical testing required
- Including visual examination, root- and face- (transverse or longitudinal) bend test, side- (transverse) bend test, and macro-etch test
- Optional tests: radiography examination, ultrasonic examination, and other tests specified in the contract or applicable governing application standard
Tensile Strength
- Tensile strength of the test specimen shall not be less than the specified minimum ultimate strength of the weaker base material
- If the specimen breaks in the base material outside the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ)
Supporting Material Thickness
- Required for arc spot procedure qualification tests: 3 mm (1/8 in) or less in thickness
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Description
This study guide is for the CSA Standard W47.1-09, providing an overview of the standard and its requirements. It is a valuable resource for individuals seeking to understand and comply with the standard. The guide is copyrighted by the CWB Group and was revised in 2010.