CS461 Computer Networks: Internet Protocols
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Questions and Answers

What method is commonly used to allow applications implemented in different languages and operating systems to communicate?

  • Universal Data Format
  • Common Language Runtime
  • Web services
  • Sockets API (correct)

    • Which transport protocol is frequently used for a variety of applications due to its features?

  • SMTP
  • HTTP
  • FTP
  • TCP (correct)

    • What is the main challenge that client/server applications face related to programming ease?

  • Handling browser compatibility
  • Simplifying IP communication details (correct)
  • Creating graphic user interfaces
  • Accessing local files

    • Which of the following is NOT considered an application layer protocol?

    <p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can different applications on the same computer be identified?

    <p>By unique port numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the subnet mask indicate in an IP address?

    <p>The split between the network and host portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following IP addresses is used to identify the current host?

    <p>Loopback Address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dotted decimal notation, how are the decimal numbers representing an IP address separated?

    <p>By dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the mask is correct?

    <p>A bit 1 indicates a network portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Directed Broadcast Address represent?

    <p>All hosts on a specific subnet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Startup Source Address in networking?

    <p>To identify a device without an assigned address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Network Address?

    <p>Identifies the subnet in the internet with all bits in the host portion being zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is classless IP addressing primarily characterized?

    <p>By allowing variable-length subnet masks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in IP addressing?

    <p>IANA manages the assignment of IP address ranges to regional authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding organizations and IP address assignments?

    <p>Organizations are free to assign addresses from their granted network range as they see fit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) function?

    <p>DHCP automatically configures IP addresses for devices on a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the client/server model of communication in internet applications?

    <p>Servers await a communication request from clients to respond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the number of IP devices that can be connected to a network?

    <p>The broadcast address designated for the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of TCP ensures that both ends of the communication can send and receive data simultaneously?

    <p>Full duplex connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sequence number in a TCP segment?

    <p>To indicate the first data byte in the segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which TCP field is primarily utilized for error detection in a segment?

    <p>Checksum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'window size' in a TCP segment indicate?

    <p>The number of bytes the receiver is willing to accept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In TCP segments, what does the urgent pointer represent?

    <p>The sequence number of the last byte of urgent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a TCP header is used to indicate optional parameters?

    <p>Options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of TCP prevents data loss during congestion in the network?

    <p>Congestion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum length of a TCP segment header without any optional fields?

    <p>20 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of well-known ports used by common servers?

    <p>0-1023</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a transport protocol as described?

    <p>HTTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ports are dynamically assigned by the operating system?

    <p>Dynamic ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of port numbers in transport protocols?

    <p>To manage communications between different processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which port is typically used for the SMTP service?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum value of a port number in a transport protocol?

    <p>65535</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range of IP addresses is considered private according to standard classification?

    <p>10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these ports is associated with the FTP service?

    <p>21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the source IP address in an IP datagram?

    <p>To identify the sending host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application service commonly uses port 443?

    <p>HTTPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of IP addressing, what does the term 'loopback address' refer to?

    <p>An address that allows communication with yourself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the standard broadcast IP address for the subnet 2.2.2.0/24?

    <p>2.2.2.255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the destination IP address of 255.255.255.255 signify in network communications?

    <p>A local broadcast address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IP address format signifies a subnet mask in CIDR notation?

    <p>1.1.1.1/8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering network addressing, which of the following IP addresses denotes a private range?

    <p>172.20.10.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the source IP address of an IP datagram sent from an uninitialized device during the startup process?

    <p>0.0.0.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a device has the address 1.1.1.6 and wants to send a message to all devices in the subnet 2.2.2.0/24, what would be the destination address?

    <p>2.2.2.255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a subnet mask of /24 signify in an IP address, such as 192.168.1.1/24?

    <p>255.255.255.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course: CS461 Computer Networks
    • Topic: Internet and Transport Protocols
    • Institution: HiLCOE, School of Computer Science and Technology

    Networking Concepts

    • LANs (Local Area Networks):
      • Diverse topologies, technologies, and purposes
      • Operate at layers 1 and 2 (Physical and Data Link Layer) using switches and hubs
      • Bridges connect LANs of similar technologies
    • WANs (Wide Area Networks):
      • Interconnect LANs over larger distances
      • Employ point-to-point links (e.g., ADSL, PDH) or networks (e.g., ATM, SDH, telephone) using packet or circuit switching
      • Devices connecting LANs and WANs must support both technologies.
      • Operate at Layers 1 and 2
    • Internetworking:
      • Connects multiple LANs/WANs with diverse technologies, allowing any computer to communicate.
      • Uses internetworking protocols to support data delivery across different networks.
      • Example: Internet Protocol (IP)

    Internet Protocol (IP)

    • Definition: The internetworking protocol used in the Internet.
    • Implementation: Implemented in hosts and routers.
    • Features:
      • Datagram packet switching
      • Connection-less
      • Addressing
      • Fragmentation and reassembly
    • Versions: IPv4 (most widely used), IPv6 (available)
    • Features not provided by IP: Connection control, error control, flow control (handled by TCP), Status reporting (ICMP), Priority, quality of service (DiffServ, IntServ), Security (IPsec)

    Routers

    • Device that connects multiple LANs or WANs
    • Packet switches that operate at the network layer.
    • Key aspect of internetworking
    • Forward datagrams

    IPv4 Addresses

    • 32 bits in length
    • Divided into network and host portions (identifies the subnet and specific device)
    • Unique network portions for each subnet
    • Addresses within the same subnet have the same network portion
    • Different addressing schemes (classful, subnet, classless).
    • Splitting into portions allows for hierarchical addressing and scalability of routing.

    Classless IP Addressing

    • Subnet Mask: Identifies where the IP address is divided into network and host portions.
    • Uses 32 bits, with 1s representing the network portion and 0s representing the host portion.
    • Often represented in dotted decimal form or a shortened form specifying the number of 1 bits.

    Special Case IP Addresses

    • Network Address: Used to identify a subnet. All bits in the host portion are 0.
    • Directed Broadcast Address: Identifies all hosts in a specific subnet. All bits in the host portion are 1.
    • Local Broadcast Address: Identifies all hosts on the current subnet.
    • Loopback Address (localhost): Identifies the current host (127.0.0.1).
    • Startup Source Address: Addresses assigned when a host has no address yet. All bits are zero.
    • Private Network Addresses: Reserved for networks behind NATs. Example ranges: 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0—172.31.255.255, 192.168.0.0—192.168.255.255

    IP Datagram

    • Header: Variable length (20-60 bytes), contains required fields (version, length, source/destination IP address, etc.) and optional fields.
    • Data: Variable length containing the application protocol data.

    IP Datagram Fields

    • Version
    • Header Length
    • DiffServ (Quality of Service)
    • ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification)
    • Identification
    • Flags
    • Fragment Offset
    • Time To Live (TTL)
    • Protocol
    • Header Checksum
    • Source IP Address
    • Destination IP Address
    • Options
    • Padding
    • Data

    IP Routing and Forwarding

    • Routing Tables: Stores destination addresses and next node to reach it. Created manually or using routing protocols.
    • Routing Protocols: Collect network status, calculate least cost paths, and update routing tables. Adaptive protocols like OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, and BGP are examples.
    • Forwarding: Sending data along the path to the destination. The destination address is found in the IP datagram header and routing table is used to lookup the next router

    Other IP Features

    • Fragmentation and Reassembly: Breaking down and reconstructing datagrams for smaller networks
    • Time to Live (TTL): Limits the datagram's journey in the network.
    • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Error reporting and control.
    • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Maps IP addresses to Ethernet addresses.
    • IPv6: Next generation of IP addressing protocol.
    • Multicasting, Quality of Service (DiffServ), Mobility (Mobile IP), Security (IPsec)

    Internet Applications (Client-Server Model)

    • Applications generally follow a client/server model (initiate communication)
    • Servers wait for client input. Client initiate communication.
    • Data flows in both directions once communication is established.
    • Examples: Web browsers (Firefox, Safari) and web servers (Apache, IIS), Email clients (Thunderbird, Outlook) and servers (MS Exchange, Postfix), IM clients/servers

    Issues with Client-Server Applications

    • How to simplify communication for programmers, including details of communication
    • Transport protocols (TCP, UDP) simplifying communication for many applications.
    • Application layer protocols (HTTP, SMTP, FTP) for communications across languages & Operating Systems
    • API (sockets) to simplify integration for programmers

    Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

    • Purpose: Data transfer between application processes on different hosts.
    • Key features: Connection-oriented, error control, flow control, congestion control, stream-oriented data flow.
    • Common use: applications that require reliable data delivery.
    • Protocol number: 6
    • Header (contains): Source/Destination ports, sequence number, acknowledgement number, header length in 4-byte words, window, checksum, urgent pointer, options, data

    TCP Segments

    • Header: Contains 20 bytes plus optional fields, padded to multiples of 4 bytes.
    • Fields: Source and Destination Ports, Sequence Number, Acknowledgment Number, Header Length, Window, Checksum, Urgent Pointer, Options

    TCP Segment Flags

    • CWR (Congestion Window Reduced): Congestion notification
    • ECE (Explicit Congestion Notification Echo): Congestion notification
    • URG (Urgent): Urgent data
    • ACK (Acknowledge): Sent for acknowledged data
    • PSH (Push): Urgent data delivery
    • RST (Reset): Reset connection
    • SYN (Synchronize): Synchronize sequence numbers
    • FIN (Finished): No more data to send

    TCP Connection Establishment

    • Three-way handshake:
    • Initiator selects an Initial Sequence Number (ISNA)
    • The recipient acknowledges the ISNA and chooses ISNB.
    • Data transfer starts after the ISNB is acknowledged.

    TCP Data Transfer

    • Segments can contain varying data amounts
    • ACK flag indicates an acknowledgement (piggybacking)
    • Speed depends on flow and error control (sliding window, Go-Back-N), congestion control

    Application Layer Protocols

    • Supports various application types:
    • Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, SSH, Telnet, BitTorrent, SIP. Protocols like DNS, DHCP, NTP, SNMP support other network operation needs.

    Ports

    • 16-bit numbers used in transport protocol header on a host.
    • Managed by Operating Systems
    • Identifying processes on a host for communication
    • Well-known ports, registered ports, dynamic ports

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    Related Documents

    CS461 Internet and Transport Protocols PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in Computer Networks, focusing on Internet and Transport Protocols. It includes topics such as LANs, WANs, and their interoperability through internetworking protocols like IP. Test your understanding of network topologies and technologies used in data communication.

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