CS (Main) Exam 2021 - General Studies Paper I

The Bhakti movement, a spiritual tradition emphasizing devotion to a personal God. It produced devotional literature filled with tales of love, surrender, and the divine.

A significant movement in 19th-century Bengal, known for its passionate embrace of Western education, philosophies, and social reforms.

A socio-religious reform movement founded in 1828, advocating for monotheism, social justice, and the rejection of outdated rituals, with a strong emphasis on education and women's rights.

The process of integrating the numerous princely states into the newly independent India in 1947, often involving complex negotiations, administrative restructuring, and cultural adaptations.

The process of soil erosion and rock movement down a slope due to gravity, often triggered by heavy rainfall, seismic activity, or human interference.

The process of reclaiming land from water bodies for urban development, often involving dredging, filling, and altering the natural environment.

The phenomenon of large-scale volcanic eruptions globally, releasing ash and gases into the atmosphere, potentially affecting weather patterns, air quality, and regional ecosystems.

A large landmass geographically distinct from other continents, characterized by its own unique geological history, diverse flora and fauna, and distinctive cultural traditions. India, with its diverse topography and ancient civilizations, fits this definition.

The traditional knowledge and practices passed down through generations within tribal communities, often focused on sustainable resource management, medicinal plants, and spiritual beliefs.

The rise of online platforms that connect businesses and workers for short-term, project-based assignments, offering flexibility and potential income opportunities, particularly for women in India.

A political ideology advocating for peaceful methods to achieve independence from British rule, using negotiations, petitions, and public awareness campaigns.

The non-violent resistance movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, urging Indians to boycott British goods, institutions, and cooperate in non-violent ways to achieve independence.

The civil disobedience movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, urging Indians to break unjust laws through non-violent acts of resistance, like the Salt Satyagraha.

The period between the two World Wars, marked by economic instability, political tensions, and the rise of authoritarian regimes like Nazism and Fascism, posing challenges to established democratic systems of governance.

The natural features, including mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains, that shape the Earth's surface, directly affecting local climatic conditions due to altitude, wind patterns, and rainfall distribution.

The melting of Earth's polar ice caps and glaciers, driven by climate change, significantly impacting weather patterns, sea levels, and human activities like coastal communities, shipping routes, and wildlife.

Uneven distribution of mineral oil resources across the globe, leading to geopolitical tensions, economic disparities, and conflicts over access to oil reserves.

The rapid development of Information Technology industries in major Indian cities, leading to economic growth, job creation, and social changes in terms of urbanization, lifestyle shifts, and income inequality.

A field of education that aims to raise awareness about population issues, like growth, density, distribution, and their impact on society, environment, resources, and development.

A decentralized, digital form of currency based on cryptography, offering anonymity and potential freedom from government control, with implications for global finance and potential disruptions to established institutions.

The ability of Indian society to retain its traditional values, beliefs, and practices even as it undergoes social and economic transformations, resulting in a dynamic blend of old and new cultural elements.

The process of integrating newly educated, empowered individuals within the existing social framework, often leading to tensions and adaptation as modern values collide with traditional norms.

A process that involves integrating new knowledge, skills, and ideas from diverse sources, often challenging traditional thinking and leading to innovations.

The ability of a system to successfully blend outdated and contemporary practices, creating a harmonious balance between old and new elements.

The positive and negative consequences of changing social norms and technologies, often requiring adjustments to existing systems and cultural practices.

The practice of incorporating elements of the past into the present, often creating a sense of continuity and cultural heritage.

The process of understanding, appreciating, and preserving the richness and diversity of various cultures, promoting tolerance and understanding between different groups.

A process that involves the transmission of knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.

The shared set of beliefs, customs, and traditions that define a particular group of people, often creating a sense of identity and belonging.