Crystal Lattices and Their Importance

Study Notes

A three-dimensional, ordered arrangement of points representing the positions of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid.
Examples include snowflakes, salt, quartz, diamond.

There are 14 distinct three-dimensional arrangements of atoms within crystals, known as the Bravais Lattice.
A unit cell is the smallest set of symmetrically aligned atoms that can be repeated to form the whole crystal.

Crystals form through a process called crystallization.
It starts at a nucleation site, where a small amount of solid begins to form.
This nucleation point accumulates layers, creating a crystal lattice with defined shapes.
As more substance and time are available, the crystal grows larger.
Every lattice point can be associated with one or a unit assembly of atoms or molecules, which is called the Basis or Pattern.

Knowledge of crystal lattice structures is important for understanding material properties and performance.
Understanding the lattice structure helps in quality control and innovation.
The crystal lattice structure influences mechanical characteristics like strength, durability, and thermal conductivity.

Extraction: Extracting metals from their ores involves processes like mining, crushing, and separating the metal from impurities.
Refining: Refining removes impurities from the extracted metal to make it suitable for use.
Smelting: Smelting is a process where ore is heated to high temperatures to separate the metal from other materials.
Electrolysis: Electrolysis uses electricity to extract pure metals from their compounds.

Ferrous Metals: These metals contain iron as a major component.
- Examples include steel, cast iron, and wrought iron.
- Ferrous metals are typically strong, durable, and affordable, often used in construction and manufacturing.
Non-ferrous Metals: These metals do not contain iron as a major component.
- Examples include aluminum, copper, gold, silver, and titanium.
- These metals possess a wide range of properties like high conductivity, resistance to corrosion, and lightweight, making them useful in various industries.