352CIS-3 Chapter 4 - Part 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cryptography?

  • To conceal data against unauthorized access (correct)
  • To ensure data integrity during transmission
  • To enhance the speed of data transfer
  • To facilitate data compression

Which of the following best describes symmetric encryption?

  • It encrypts data in blocks without any padding.
  • It involves the use of a digital signature for authentication.
  • It uses a single key for both encryption and decryption. (correct)
  • It relies on two different keys for secure communication.

What is a key management practice essential for cryptographic systems?

  • Regularly rotating and securely storing encryption keys. (correct)
  • Using the same key for multiple encryption processes.
  • Storing encryption keys in easily accessible locations.
  • Distributing keys publicly to ensure transparency.

Which cipher technique is primarily used in asymmetric encryption?

<p>Two distinct keys, a public and a private key (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptographic protocols are important for which purpose?

<p>To establish rules for secure communication between systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a substitution cipher in cryptography?

<p>To exchange one set of bits for another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes transposition in cryptographic techniques?

<p>The rearranging of the order of ciphertext for encryption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does symmetric encryption rely on for its secure operations?

<p>A single shared key for both encryption and decryption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cryptographic protocols, which aspect is primarily handled by key management?

<p>The generation, distribution, and storage of keys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of asymmetric encryption?

<p>It utilizes the same key for both encryption and decryption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptography is a method of secret writing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Encryption is considered a weak defense in computer security.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term cryptography is synonymous with the term coding.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptography is only useful in protecting physical documents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Encryption techniques can offer strong protection against unauthorized access.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decrypted message from 'ELHLMDOYAZER' is 'HELLO MY DEAR'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of decrypting a message is the same as encrypting it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cryptography, the substitution cipher replaces each letter with another letter.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The characters in the given message 'ELHLMDOYAZER' include numbers and special symbols.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows for different encryptions of the same plaintext message?

<p>Altering the key (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a key in encryption?

<p>It provides additional security (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the relationship between keys and plaintext in encryption?

<p>Different keys can produce different ciphertexts from the same plaintext. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about encryption keys is false?

<p>A key can be publicly shared without any issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you change the key used in the encryption process?

<p>A new encryption result is produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cryptography, what does a key primarily contribute to encrypted messages?

<p>Enhances the security of the message (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a key in encryption?

<p>It is critical for both encryption and decryption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of altering the encryption key?

<p>It ensures that the same plaintext has unique ciphertext. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of encryption does changing the key NOT affect?

<p>The amount of plaintext data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is encryption considered more secure when a key is utilized?

<p>It increases the number of possible outcomes for the same input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding secret keys?

<p>They contribute to the overall security of symmetric encryption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the function P = D(KD,C), what does P represent?

<p>The decrypted message. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation P = D(KD, E(KE,P)) imply?

<p>P undergoes both encryption and decryption sequentially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'C' play in the formula C = E(KE, P)?

<p>It is the encrypted output resulting from the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using a static key in an encryption process?

<p>It can lead to vulnerabilities over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does D(KD, C) indicate in the context of cryptography?

<p>The decryption of C using key KD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about encryption keys is incorrect?

<p>Keys are irrelevant in cryptographic security. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of asymmetric encryption key pairs?

<p>They are pairs consisting of a public and a private key. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about key management in asymmetric encryption is false?

<p>Private keys should be shared among users for ease of use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asymmetric encryption, what is the primary role of the public key?

<p>It encrypts data, allowing secure communication with multiple users. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to match keys precisely in an asymmetric encryption system?

<p>To maintain effective encryption and decryption processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about asymmetric encryption?

<p>Both keys in a pair can decrypt messages encrypted by either key. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main advantages of using asymmetric encryption over symmetric encryption?

<p>It enables secure key distribution without prior secure exchanges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical feature of key pairs in asymmetric encryption?

<p>Both keys in a pair can be used for both encryption and decryption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method used in a Vernam Cipher to generate the cipher-text?

<p>Adding the plain-text letter value to a random number and then taking mod 26 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Vigenѐre Table, what happens when a letter 'a' from the plain-text is aligned with a letter 'b' from the keyword?

<p>The result is the next letter in the alphabet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary operation performed in the Vernam Cipher during encryption?

<p>Summing the plain text and random numbers then applying modulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a transposition cipher, what is primarily altered in the message?

<p>The order of the letters is rearranged based on a pattern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept distinguishes the method used in the Vernam Cipher from other ciphers?

<p>It relies on randomness for each letter of the plain-text. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the modulus operation in the Vernam Cipher encryption process?

<p>It ensures that the values wrap around within the alphabet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The resulting cipher-text solely depends on the original plaintext message and the key value.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cryptography, algorithms are used for both encryption and decryption processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key is defined as an irreducible component in the encryption process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The key value in encryption has no effect on the resulting cipher-text if the plaintext remains constant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical encryption scheme, the key K can be any random string of characters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changing the algorithm while keeping the plaintext and key constant can alter the resulting cipher-text.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cryptography, algorithms and keys are independent of one another.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A properly chosen key is crucial for ensuring the security of the cipher-text generated.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of generating cipher-text does not require an understanding of the original plaintext message.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confusion in cryptography means that an interceptor can easily predict the changes in cipher text when a character in plain text is altered.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Vernam Cipher, the formula used for encryption is $ci=(pi + random number) mod 10$.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vigenѐre Cipher uses a keyword to encrypt messages by shifting letters based on the corresponding letters in the keyword.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transposition ciphers primarily involve rearranging characters rather than substituting them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cryptography, diffusion indicates that the effect of one character change should spread across the entire cipher text.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a transposition cipher, the position of letters in the message remains unchanged while the letters themselves are altered.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goal of a transposition cipher is to ensure that replacing a single character in the cipher text will make it completely unpredictable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both confusion and diffusion are necessary principles in the security of cryptographic systems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vigenѐre Table allows for any letter in the plain-text to produce the same letter in the Cipher-text regardless of the keyword.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The random numbers used in the Vernam Cipher are part of the key and must remain secret to ensure encoding security.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A transposition cipher encrypts messages by substituting each letter with another letter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the encryption process of the Vernam Cipher, the sum of the plain-text and random number is simply added together without any further operations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of confusion, an effective cryptographic system should allow for predictable relationships between characters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In symmetric encryption, only the legitimate sender can produce a message that will decrypt properly with the shared key.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Authenticity in symmetric encryption is primarily ensured by the public key.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In symmetric encryption, the key management process does not impact the security of the encryption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decryption process in symmetric encryption is solely dependent on the ciphertext, ignoring the key.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only one individual is typically responsible for handling key management in symmetric encryption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symmetric encryption can be efficiently implemented without a need for key distribution mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In symmetric encryption, if the key is known to both the sender and receiver, the message can be decrypted accurately.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The legitimacy of the sender in symmetric encryption does not influence the ability to decrypt the message.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cryptography

  • Cryptography is the process of concealing data to prevent unauthorized access.
  • Cryptography can be utilized to protect the communication of messages.
  • Cryptography is a strong defense mechanism in computer security.

Cryptographic Primitives

  • Substitution: replacing one set of bits with another.
  • Transposition: rearranging the order of ciphertext.

Encryption Keys

  • Encryption and decryption are governed by a set of rules in a cryptosystem.
  • Cryptanalysts aim to decipher encrypted messages and uncover their meaning.

Formal Notation

  • C represents ciphertext, E is the encryption rule, P is the plaintext, and D is the decryption rule.
  • C = E(P) denotes encrypting plaintext (P) to obtain ciphertext (C).
  • P = D(C) represents decrypting ciphertext (C) to retrieve plaintext (P).

Cryptography

  • Cryptography is a strong defense for computer security.
  • Encryption or cryptography involves writing in secret.
  • Encryption and decryption algorithms often use a key (K) to transform plaintext to ciphertext.
  • The ciphertext depends on the original plaintext message, the algorithm, and the key value.
  • To keep messages secret, even if the encryption algorithm is compromised, the key value should remain unknown.

Stream and Block Ciphers

  • A stream cipher encrypts each bit or byte of data individually.
  • A block cipher encrypts a group of plaintext symbols as a single block.

Vernam Cipher

  • The Vernam cipher is an example of a substitution cipher.
  • It uses a random number to encrypt each letter of the plaintext message.
  • The random number is added to the numerical representation of each letter in the plaintext message.
  • The sum is then taken modulo 26 to ensure it is within the range of the alphabet.
  • The result generates the numerical representation of the corresponding ciphertext letter.

Vigenère Cipher

  • The Vigenère cipher is an extension of the Caesar cipher.
  • Uses a keyword to encrypt the plaintext message.
  • Each letter in the plaintext message is shifted according to the corresponding letter in the keyword.
  • The shift is determined by the Vigenère table.

Transposition Cipher

  • The transposition cipher uses permutation, rearranging the letters within the ciphertext.
  • The cipher works by writing the plaintext into a grid, with each row representing a part of the message
  • The ciphertext is then created by reading the grid in a different order.

Key Management

  • Keys provide flexibility and security.
  • Allows for different encryptions of the same plaintext message by changing the key.
  • Asymmetric encryption systems use matched pairs of keys: a public and a private key.
  • The public key can encrypt data, but only the matching private key can decrypt it.

Vernam Cipher

  • Vernam cipher is a cryptographic technique involving adding a random number to each character of the plaintext
  • Modulo 26 is used to convert the sum to a number between 0 and 25 to represent each letter
  • Example: "VERNAM" can be encrypted using a random number sequence, adding the numbers and then taking the modulus to get the ciphertext "tahrsp"

Vigenere Cipher

  • The Vigenere cipher is a method of encrypting plaintext using a keyword
  • The keyword is repeated to match the length of the plaintext message
  • Each letter in the plaintext is shifted by an amount determined by the corresponding letter in the keyword using a Vigenere Table
  • Example: "BUT SOFT ..." with the keyword "JULIET" results in the ciphertext "KOE OEAS YCQS ..."

Transposition Cipher

  •  A transposition cipher rearranges the order of the characters in the plaintext to create the ciphertext
  •  Example: "FLANK EAST ATTACK AT DAWN" can be rearranged using a rail fence cipher with a key of 3, resulting in "F...K...T...T...A...W..L.N.E.S.A.T.A.K.T.A.N"
  •  This is followed by removing the bogus characters and combining the characters to obtain the original message "HELLO MY DEAR."

Confusion and Diffusion

  •  Confusion and diffusion contribute to the security of a cryptographic system
  •  Confusion aims to make it difficult for an intruder to guess the relationship between ciphertext and plaintext by changing the statistical properties of the message
  •  Diffusion spreads the influence of a single plaintext character over multiple ciphertext characters, making frequency analysis less effective for breaking the cipher
  •  In cryptography, the encryption and decryption rules (algorithm) often use a key denoted by K
  •  The resulting ciphertext is dependent on three things:
    • The original plaintext message
    • The algorithm
    • The key value

Key Management in Symmetric Encryption

  •  Symmetric encryption ensures authenticity because only the legitimate sender of a message can produce ciphertext that can be decrypted correctly using the shared key

Substitution Encryption

  •  Substitution encryption involves replacing plain-text characters with different characters
  •  Mono-alphabetic substitution is a type of substitution encryption where each letter in the plaintext is replaced with a single substitute character
  •   Example: A = 0, B = 1, C = 2 ... Z = 25
  •  Caesar cipher is a type of mono-alphabetic substitution encryption where each letter is shifted by a constant value
  •   Example: encryption rule: ci = pi + 3
  •  "POSIBLE WAY" encrypted using the Caesar cipher with a shift of 3 becomes "srvvleoh zdb"

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