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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to assurance that information and programs are changed only in a specified and authorized manner?
Which term refers to assurance that information and programs are changed only in a specified and authorized manner?
What does the concept of confidentiality refer to?
What does the concept of confidentiality refer to?
Which of the following is NOT considered a password vulnerability?
Which of the following is NOT considered a password vulnerability?
What is the key length in the AES cryptosystem?
What is the key length in the AES cryptosystem?
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What method provides a one-time session key for two keys in cryptographic protocols?
What method provides a one-time session key for two keys in cryptographic protocols?
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What is the key length for AES encryption?
What is the key length for AES encryption?
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What is the output size of the SHA-1 hashing algorithm?
What is the output size of the SHA-1 hashing algorithm?
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The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is primarily used for which purpose?
The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is primarily used for which purpose?
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Which term describes the input to an encryption algorithm?
Which term describes the input to an encryption algorithm?
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In access control, mailboxes are classified as what type?
In access control, mailboxes are classified as what type?
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Which of the following is an example of a simple transposition cipher?
Which of the following is an example of a simple transposition cipher?
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What is the key size of the Data Encryption Standard (DES)?
What is the key size of the Data Encryption Standard (DES)?
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What strategy emphasizes educating users on the importance of strong passwords and how to create them?
What strategy emphasizes educating users on the importance of strong passwords and how to create them?
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What is the standard key length in the AES cryptosystem?
What is the standard key length in the AES cryptosystem?
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Which method provides a one-time session key derived from two keys?
Which method provides a one-time session key derived from two keys?
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RBAC is primarily based on which of the following?
RBAC is primarily based on which of the following?
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In cryptography, what is the property called that indicates it is infeasible to find an input that hashes to a given output?
In cryptography, what is the property called that indicates it is infeasible to find an input that hashes to a given output?
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Which type of attack uses one or more known plaintext-ciphertext pairs to infer the key?
Which type of attack uses one or more known plaintext-ciphertext pairs to infer the key?
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How many bits does SHA-1 produce as a hash value?
How many bits does SHA-1 produce as a hash value?
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In which block cipher operating mode does every previous ciphertext block influence the current plaintext block?
In which block cipher operating mode does every previous ciphertext block influence the current plaintext block?
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What term refers to the control of system services or functions by an unauthorized entity?
What term refers to the control of system services or functions by an unauthorized entity?
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What is the size of the blocks into which a message is divided for SHA-512 hash computation?
What is the size of the blocks into which a message is divided for SHA-512 hash computation?
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Which property does a hash function possess if it is infeasible to find any x, y such that H(y) = H(x)?
Which property does a hash function possess if it is infeasible to find any x, y such that H(y) = H(x)?
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What hash algorithm does the DSS signature utilize?
What hash algorithm does the DSS signature utilize?
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Which algorithm is widely utilized in web SSL/TLS and wireless WEP/WPA?
Which algorithm is widely utilized in web SSL/TLS and wireless WEP/WPA?
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Which statement is true regarding digital signatures?
Which statement is true regarding digital signatures?
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When a hash function is applied for message authentication, what is the resulting value called?
When a hash function is applied for message authentication, what is the resulting value called?
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The 'man-in-the-middle' attack primarily targets which of the following?
The 'man-in-the-middle' attack primarily targets which of the following?
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What type of cryptanalytic attack provides the adversary with the least amount of information?
What type of cryptanalytic attack provides the adversary with the least amount of information?
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Which attack focuses on the likelihood of two different messages producing the same hash output?
Which attack focuses on the likelihood of two different messages producing the same hash output?
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Which of the following is an example of a simple substitution encryption algorithm?
Which of the following is an example of a simple substitution encryption algorithm?
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Which security threat is associated with an entity gaining unauthorized access to data?
Which security threat is associated with an entity gaining unauthorized access to data?
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What is the public key for the RSA public key cipher where p = 3, q = 11, and e = 3?
What is the public key for the RSA public key cipher where p = 3, q = 11, and e = 3?
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In the context of identity verification, which term describes the certainty that a user has presented a valid credential?
In the context of identity verification, which term describes the certainty that a user has presented a valid credential?
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In the Diffie-Hellman scheme with q = 11 and α = 2, if Alice selects a private key XA = 9, what will her public key be?
In the Diffie-Hellman scheme with q = 11 and α = 2, if Alice selects a private key XA = 9, what will her public key be?
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Which algorithm is explicitly deterministic and produces predictable number sequences?
Which algorithm is explicitly deterministic and produces predictable number sequences?
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What type of security threat involves an authorized entity receiving deceptive or false data?
What type of security threat involves an authorized entity receiving deceptive or false data?
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In the RSA encryption process, the ciphertext C is generated by the formula C = m^e mod n. If m = 6, e = 3, and n = 33, what is the value of C?
In the RSA encryption process, the ciphertext C is generated by the formula C = m^e mod n. If m = 6, e = 3, and n = 33, what is the value of C?
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Which of the following best describes an access control policy language that is based on attributes?
Which of the following best describes an access control policy language that is based on attributes?
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When mitigating security threats, what does a proactive password checker aim to do?
When mitigating security threats, what does a proactive password checker aim to do?
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What type of modification disrupts the correct operation of system services?
What type of modification disrupts the correct operation of system services?
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Study Notes
AES Key Length
- AES uses a 128-bit key length.
SHA-1 Hash Value
- SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value.
Diffie-Hellman Algorithm
- The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is used for one-time session key exchange.
Encryption Algorithm Input
- The input of an encryption algorithm is plaintext.
Mailboxes and Access Control
- Mailboxes are an example of an object in access control.
Transposition Cipher Example
- AES is an example of a simple transposition cipher.
Man-in-the-Middle Attack
- A man-in-the-middle attack targets symmetric key algorithms or public-key algorithms.
Data Encryption Standard (DES) Key Size
- The key size of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) is 56 bits.
Password Cracking - Traditional Approach
- The traditional approach to password cracking is password guessing.
User Education and Password Vulnerability
- User education is part of addressing password vulnerability.
DES Algorithm Rounds
- DES uses 10 rounds.
Random Numbers and Stream Keys
- Random numbers are used to generate stream keys for symmetric stream ciphers.
Asymmetric Key Encryption
- Asymmetric key encryption uses different keys for sender and receiver.
Hash Function Applicability
- Hash functions can be applied to any sized data streams.
Specific Account Attack
- Specific account attacks target specific accounts within a system.
Replay Attacks
- Replay attacks involve repeating a previously captured user response.
Security Attack Types
- Attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation is a security attack.
Block Cipher Operation Modes
- Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Counter (CTR) are block cipher operation modes.
Encryption Algorithm Scenarios
- Inputs to encryption algorithms include the XOR of 64 bits of plaintext and the preceding ciphertext to produce pseudorandom output.
Security Concepts and Notations
- Matching different security scenarios with corresponding security concepts and notations (e.g., Digital Signature Standard (DSS), Message Authentication).
RSA Key Generation Steps
- Finding n (n= p*q where p and q are prime numbers)
- Calculating (n) (φ(n) = (p-1)(q-1))
- Choosing e (e is relatively prime to (n))
- Calculating d (d*e mod (n) =1)
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
- Agreement on a modulus (q) and a primitive root (a) as initial parameters
- User A chooses a private key (XA) and calculates a public key (YĀ)
- User B chooses a private key (XB) and calculates a public key (Yв)
- Each user calculates the shared secret key using the other user's public key
One-Time Pad Encryption
- Plaintext is XORed with a key to produce ciphertext.
Hash Function Properties
- A hash function that is infeasible to find x such that H(x)=h is called pre-image resistant.
SHA-1 Hash Output
- SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash output.
Block Cipher Modes and Chaining
- Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, each previous cipher block is chained with the current plaintext block
Virus Stages
- Viruses move through dormant, triggering, propagation, and execution stages.
Hash Function Collision Resistance
- Hash functions satisfy the property of infeasibility of finding any x, y such that (H(y)=H(x))
Public Key Encryption Algorithm
- RSA is an example of a public key encryption algorithm.
Digital Signature Functionality
- A digital signature is used for authenticating both source and data integrity, and to protect against eavesdropping, and not for confidentiality.
Types of attacks
- The most common attacks include the man-in-the-middle attacks and chosen ciphertext attacks.
Substitution and Transposition Ciphers
- A substitution cipher replaces one symbol with another. An example is Caesar cipher, and a transposition cipher rearranges the order of symbols in an example is AES.
Key Length of AES
- The key length for AES is 128 bits.
Message Authentication
- MAC stands for Message Authentication Code.
Encryption
- It's concerned with converting plaintext to ciphertext, in which sender uses the hash function, and then encrypts the hash value with the sender's private key.
Hash Functions
- Hash functions, like SHA-1, are used for integrity. In this example, SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value
Security Concepts
- Security concepts, such as protection domains, true random numbers, and pseudorandom numbers are used for security, as well as Diffie-Hellman, key exchange, and public keys.
Scenario Matching
- Different security scenarios are matched with appropriate security concepts and related notations.
Security Threats
- Different situations are described and matched with security threats such as disruption, usurpation, disclosure, deception, worms, and rootkits.
RSA Algorithm Steps
- To generate RSA keys, Alice or Bob choose two distinct large prime numbers, p and q. Calculate n as their product, and (n) as (p – 1) * (q – 1). Then, select an integer "e" that is relatively prime to (n), and finally, calculate integer "d" such that (d*e ) mod (n) =1. The public key is (e, n), and the private key is (d, n) .
Encryption and Decryption steps
- To encrypt a message, the sender converts the numerical value of the plaintext into a numerical value, and then raises that numerical value to the power e, where e is the encryption exponent, and then mod's that result by n, the public modulus.
- To decrypt, the receiver raises the ciphertext to the power of d, where d is the decryption exponent, modulo n. The result will be the original plaintext.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential cryptography concepts, including AES key lengths, hash values, and various encryption algorithms. This quiz covers important algorithms such as DES and strategies for password security. Perfect for students learning about cyber security and encryption methods.
