Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cryptographic service ensures that data is not accessed by unauthorized parties?
Which cryptographic service ensures that data is not accessed by unauthorized parties?
- Non-repudiation
- Integrity
- Authentication
- Confidentiality (correct)
Which of the following is a primary goal of authentication in cryptographic services?
Which of the following is a primary goal of authentication in cryptographic services?
- Providing irreversible data transformation
- Verifying the identity of the sender or receiver (correct)
- Ensuring data remains unaltered during transit
- Concealing the data content from unauthorized parties
What cryptographic service provides assurance that data has not been altered in transit or storage?
What cryptographic service provides assurance that data has not been altered in transit or storage?
- Authentication
- Integrity (correct)
- Non-repudiation
- Confidentiality
Which of the following best describes the purpose of hashing in cryptographic integrity?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of hashing in cryptographic integrity?
What is the primary advantage of using asymmetric encryption over symmetric encryption for key exchange?
What is the primary advantage of using asymmetric encryption over symmetric encryption for key exchange?
Which of the following algorithms is NOT primarily used for encryption?
Which of the following algorithms is NOT primarily used for encryption?
In the context of cryptographic services, what does HMAC provide in addition to data integrity?
In the context of cryptographic services, what does HMAC provide in addition to data integrity?
Which of the following statements is true regarding symmetric encryption?
Which of the following statements is true regarding symmetric encryption?
What is the purpose of a digital certificate?
What is the purpose of a digital certificate?
Which entity typically signs a digital certificate?
Which entity typically signs a digital certificate?
What is a key property of digital signatures?
What is a key property of digital signatures?
Which of the following describes the role of a Registration Authority (RA) in a PKI?
Which of the following describes the role of a Registration Authority (RA) in a PKI?
In asymmetric cryptography, Alice encrypts a message using Bob's public key. Who can decrypt this message?
In asymmetric cryptography, Alice encrypts a message using Bob's public key. Who can decrypt this message?
What is the purpose of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm?
What is the purpose of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm?
Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric encryption algorithms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric encryption algorithms?
Which key is used to decrypt a message when using asymmetric encryption?
Which key is used to decrypt a message when using asymmetric encryption?
What is the main purpose of a Certificate Authority (CA)?
What is the main purpose of a Certificate Authority (CA)?
Which of these choices is considered the LEAST secure method for authentication?
Which of these choices is considered the LEAST secure method for authentication?
Which of the following hash algorithms is considered more secure?
Which of the following hash algorithms is considered more secure?
For ensuring Confidentiality with encryption, which combination is considered the MOST secure?
For ensuring Confidentiality with encryption, which combination is considered the MOST secure?
How does asymmetric key cryptography contribute to authentication?
How does asymmetric key cryptography contribute to authentication?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'non-repudiation' in the context of cryptographic services?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'non-repudiation' in the context of cryptographic services?
In a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), what is the primary responsibility of the Certificate Authority (CA)?
In a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), what is the primary responsibility of the Certificate Authority (CA)?
Which of the following algorithms would you most likely use if you wanted to focus primarily on performing a 'Key-Exchange'?
Which of the following algorithms would you most likely use if you wanted to focus primarily on performing a 'Key-Exchange'?
What is the purpose of applying a hash function to data before digitally signing it using asymmetric cryptography?
What is the purpose of applying a hash function to data before digitally signing it using asymmetric cryptography?
Which of the following is a key benefit typically associated with implementing VPNs?
Which of the following is a key benefit typically associated with implementing VPNs?
In the context of VPN technologies, what is the primary difference between a site-to-site VPN and a remote-access VPN?
In the context of VPN technologies, what is the primary difference between a site-to-site VPN and a remote-access VPN?
Which of the following is a component specifically associated with a remote-access VPN setup?
Which of the following is a component specifically associated with a remote-access VPN setup?
In an IPsec VPN, which protocol provides authentication and integrity but does not provide confidentiality?
In an IPsec VPN, which protocol provides authentication and integrity but does not provide confidentiality?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the ESP protocol in IPsec?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the ESP protocol in IPsec?
Which of the following algorithms is considered the most secure for encryption?
Which of the following algorithms is considered the most secure for encryption?
Which of the following hash algorithms is generally considered more secure?
Which of the following hash algorithms is generally considered more secure?
Which of the following is a method to authenticate peers?
Which of the following is a method to authenticate peers?
Diffie-Hellman is uses for:
Diffie-Hellman is uses for:
In the context of IPsec, what is the primary function of Internet Key Exchange (IKE)?
In the context of IPsec, what is the primary function of Internet Key Exchange (IKE)?
During IKE Phase 1, what is the primary goal?
During IKE Phase 1, what is the primary goal?
Which task is not performed in IKE Phase 2?
Which task is not performed in IKE Phase 2?
When configuring a site-to-site IPsec VPN with pre-shared key authentication, what must match on both VPN endpoints?
When configuring a site-to-site IPsec VPN with pre-shared key authentication, what must match on both VPN endpoints?
What is the purpose of an extended access list when configuring IPsec?
What is the purpose of an extended access list when configuring IPsec?
What is the function of a crypto map?
What is the function of a crypto map?
Which command is used to apply a crypto map to an interface?
Which command is used to apply a crypto map to an interface?
After configuring a crypto map, what command is essential to verify the IPsec VPN tunnel is operational?
After configuring a crypto map, what command is essential to verify the IPsec VPN tunnel is operational?
What command on a Cisco router is used to configure the pre-shared key for IKE?
What command on a Cisco router is used to configure the pre-shared key for IKE?
Which command is used to define the parameters for data encryption and authentication used in IPsec?
Which command is used to define the parameters for data encryption and authentication used in IPsec?
When configuring an IPsec VPN, the command set pfs group24
is used within the crypto map configuration. What does pfs
stand for?
When configuring an IPsec VPN, the command set pfs group24
is used within the crypto map configuration. What does pfs
stand for?
If a newly configured crypto map remains disabled even after configuring an access list and peer, what key element might be missing?
If a newly configured crypto map remains disabled even after configuring an access list and peer, what key element might be missing?
After applying a crypto map to an interface, what message confirms ISAKMP is active?
After applying a crypto map to an interface, what message confirms ISAKMP is active?
What happens if you do not put in the correct access list when attempting to perform the key exchange?
What happens if you do not put in the correct access list when attempting to perform the key exchange?
Which of the following correctly identifies how to test and verify that interesting traffic is working?
Which of the following correctly identifies how to test and verify that interesting traffic is working?
When verifying that the VPN is working, what does QM_IDLE
mean?
When verifying that the VPN is working, what does QM_IDLE
mean?
Flashcards
Cryptography
Cryptography
The process of encoding messages to keep them secret.
Authentication
Authentication
Verifying the identity of a user, device, or other entity in a computer system.
Integrity
Integrity
Ensuring that data is not altered or corrupted during transmission or storage.
Confidentiality
Confidentiality
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Key Management & Exchange
Key Management & Exchange
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Public Key Cryptography
Public Key Cryptography
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Confidentiality with Encryption
Confidentiality with Encryption
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Hashing
Hashing
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Symmetric Encryption
Symmetric Encryption
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Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
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Key Exchange
Key Exchange
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CIA Services Framework
CIA Services Framework
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Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
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Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
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Peer Authentication Methods
Peer Authentication Methods
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Integrity
Integrity
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Integrity: Hash Algorithms
Integrity: Hash Algorithms
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HMAC
HMAC
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Key Exchange: Digital Signatures
Key Exchange: Digital Signatures
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Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
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Digital Certificate
Digital Certificate
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PKI Framework
PKI Framework
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Certification Authority (CA)
Certification Authority (CA)
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Registration Authority
Registration Authority
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VPN
VPN
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VPN Benefits
VPN Benefits
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Site-to-Site VPN
Site-to-Site VPN
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Remote-Access VPN
Remote-Access VPN
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IPsec
IPsec
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Authentication Header (AH)
Authentication Header (AH)
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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
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IPsec Negotiation
IPsec Negotiation
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Pre-Shared Key (PSK)
Pre-Shared Key (PSK)
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Interesting Traffic
Interesting Traffic
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IPsec Transform Set
IPsec Transform Set
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Crypto Map
Crypto Map
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IKE Phase 1
IKE Phase 1
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IKE Phase 2
IKE Phase 2
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Study Notes
Introduction to VPNs
- VPNs provide cost savings, security, scalability, and compatibility.
- VPNs allow business partners, regional offices, SOHOs, and mobile workers to securely connect to a main site.
- VPN connections can be established using Layer 3 IPsec.
- VPNs connect branch offices, mobile users, and SOHOs through the internet to a central site.
VPN Technologies
- Two main types of VPNs exist: remote-access, and site-to-site.
- Remote-Access VPNs:
- Require a client to initiate a VPN connection.
- Include a VPN Terminating Device.
- Site-to-Site VPNs:
- Do not require client knowledge of the VPN.
- Include a VPN Terminating Device.
IPsec VPN Components
- IPsec provides a framework of security protocols to achieve secure transmissions across IP networks.
- IPsec includes:
- Authentication Header (AH).
- Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
- Internet Key Exchange (IKE).
- IPsec offers choices for:
- IPsec Protocol.
- Confidentiality.
- Integrity.
- Authentication.
- Diffie-Hellman.
Understanding Confidentiality with Encryption
- Encryption transforms data.
- Unauthorized users are not able to read the data.
- Encryption algorithms include DES (56-bit key), 3DES (56-bit key x3), AES (128, 192, or 256-bit key lengths), and SEAL (160-bit key length).
- AES provides more security then other algorythms
Integrity with Hash Algorithms
- Secure hash algorithms ensure the integrity of information
- Hash Algorithms include MD5 (128 bits) and SHA (160 bits).
Authentication Methods
- PSK involves using authentication keys and IDs
- RSA involves using Digital Signatures
Key Exchange with Diffie-Hellman
- Diffie-Hellman includes DH1, DH2, DH5, DH14, DH15, DH16, DH19, DH20, DH21, DH24
IPsec Protocols: AH and ESP
- Authentication Header (AH) ensures data integrity and authentication but does not encrypt data.
- Router creates a hash and transmits it to peer.
- Peer router compares the recomputed hash to the received hash.
- ESP encrypts the data payload while providing integrity and authentication.
Transport and Tunnel Modes
- ESP and AH can be applied in transport or tunnel mode.
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Protocol
- Phase 1 negotiates ISAKMP policy to create a tunnel.
- Phase 2 negotiates IPsec policy for sending secure traffic across the tunnel.
- Phase 2 negotiates Security Associations (SAs)
Configuring Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs with CLI
- Configuration Steps:
- Configure ISAKMP policy.
- Configure the IPsec policy.
- Configure and apply a crypto map.
- Apply the IPsec policy.
- Verify the IPsec VPN.
Important Topology Addresses For Configuration
- Site 1 has the address 10.0.1.0/24
- Site 2 has the address 192.168.1.0/24
- R1 has the address 172.30.2.1
- R2 has the address 172.30.2.2
Describing IPsec Negotiation
- Host A sends interesting traffic to Host B
- R1 and R2 negotiate an IKE Phase 1 session.
- R1 and R2 negotiate an IKE Phase 2 session.
- Information is exchanged via the IPsec tunnel.
- The IPsec tunnel is terminated.
ISAKMP policy configuration
- Show crypto isakmp default policy
- AES with 128 bit keys is default
- Secure Hash Standard is default
- Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Signature is default
- IKE policy lifetime is 86400 seconds, no volume limit
Apply the configured crypto map to the interface
- The configured crypto map must be applied to an interface for IPsec protection to take effect.
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