Cry of Pugad Lawin and Balintawak

The Cry of Pugad Lawin vs. the Cry of Balintawak

• "The Cry" signifies the first public rebellion against Spanish rule.
• It involved tearing up cedulas and shouting "Mabuhay and Katipunan" and "Mabuhay ang Kalayaan".
• "Cry" originates from the Spanish phrase "El Grito de Rebellon".

Cry of Pugad Lawin

• Took place on August 23, 1896, in Quezon City
• Some historians recognize it as the site where Bonifacio declared the revolution.
• Teodoro Agoncillo and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines verified Pugad Lawin in the 1960s as the place where katipuneros tore their cedulas.

Cry of Balintawak

• It happened on August 26, 1896, in Caloocan City.
• The location served as a gathering point for the Katipunan.

Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)

• The KKK was formed to resist Spanish colonization.
• Andrés Bonifacio led the organization, collaborating with Deodato Arellano and Román Basa.
• Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife, protected the Katipunan's critical records.

The Betrayal to the Katipuneros

• Teodoro Patiño, a Katipunero, exposed the organization due to Apolonio de la Cruz's higher salary of 2 pesos.
• Patiño confessed to a priest after being persuaded by a sister in the church.
• The Spaniards cracked down on the Katipuneros, leading to arrests and executions.

The First Battle of the Philippine Revolution

• Bonifacio gathered his men in Balintawak to discuss their next steps upon learning of Spanish troop movements.
• The first battle took place on August 29, 1896.
• 500 Katipuneros faced Spanish forces.

The 1898 Declaration of Independence

• The Philippines declared its independence on June 12, 1898, due to harsh treatment by the Spanish.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, born in Biñan, Laguna, in 1830, supported the Propaganda movement and became an adviser to Emilio Aguinaldo.
• Emilio Aguinaldo, born in 1869 near Cavite, signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897, agreeing to exile for promises of reforms and compensation.
• Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa sewed the Philippine flag in Hong Kong, and it was raised in Kawit, Cavite.
• Julian Felipe composed "Marcha Filipina Magdalo" (later known as "Lupang Hinirang")
• In Kawit, Cavite Viejo, Bautista read the declaration of independence and waved the Philippine flag.
• Colonel L.M. Johnson was one of the signers of the declaration.

Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia de Pueblo Filipino

• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote it as a formal declaration of independence.
• The document was written in Spanish between May and June.
• It was read on June 12, 1898, at Aguinaldo's home in Kawit, Cavite, and signed by 98 people.
• The National Library of the Philippines preserves the document.

Key Contents and Analysis of the Document

• The declaration starts with Bautista stating that Filipinos must be free from Spanish rule
• It expresses the frustration from Spanish domination
• The document explains that the Philippines should have fought for freedom earlier when Spain took control through force and unfair agreements.
• The failure of Biak-na-Bato's promises led to the 1898 revolution.

Military Victories and Declaration Impact

• The declaration references battles that helped the revolution and inspired more Filipinos
• Declares the Philippines as a free and independent nation, separate from Spain.
• Asserts rights the Philippines should have
• It was made with God's guidance and support from the United States.

Leadership and National Symbol

• Emilio Aguinaldo was named the leader, establishing a dictatorial government.
• The Philippine flag has 3 stars that represent Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
• The sun has eight rays that represent the eight provinces that revolted: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas.
• White signifies peace and purity, red signifies courage and bravery, and blue signifies patriotism and justice
• In the Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States.
• On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was granted independence.
• Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day to June 12 to commemorate the declaration in Kawit, Cavite.

Balangay and Early Filipino Culture

• Balangay is recognized as the Philippine National Boat

History of the Word Balangay and Barangay

• "Barangay" or "Balangay" was among the first native words the Spanish learned in the Philippines.
• According to Pigafetta, Magellan saw a boat called balangay when he met the ruler of Limawasa.
• The word then was used as the smallest political unit in Tagalog society when they reached Luzon.
• Leaders of barangays were called datus.
• The Spanish maintained the barangay system for tribute collection.
• "Barrio" later replaced "barangay" during Spanish rule, but the Philippines revived the term barangay.

Discovery of Balangay

• 1974: Archeological artifacts uncovered in Butuan City due to construction.
• 1975: The National Museum and Xavier University investigated the site where artifacts were found.
• 1976: Antique seekers discovered the first balangay boat in the Philippines in Sitio Ambangan, Barrio Libertad, Butuan City.
• Nine balangays have been discovered in the Philippines.
• Some are on display at Balangay Shrine in Butuan, while others are reburied.
• 2013: The ninth balangay boat was discovered and called the Mother Boat" and predates European explorer vessels.

Economic Effects of People Power Revolution

• 1972-1981: The martial law years
• 1970s: The country had high GDP growth due to commodities boom, with 8.9% in 1973 and 8.8% in 1976.
• 1980s: Global recession, high interest rates, and declining exports caused an economic downturn
• August 21, 1983: The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. caused political instability and capital flight.
• 1984-1985: The country's economy declined by 7.3%.

Immediate Economic Effects Post-Revolution

• Corazon Aquino became president.
• Her administration inherited a very poor and indebted economy.
• Aquino decided to repay the $26 billion foreign debt to restore international trust.
• Measures to fix the economy included privatization of Marcos-controlled businesses.
• Deregulation reduced unnecessary governmental rules over businesses.
• The Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Law enabled private infrastructure projects.
• The Foreign Investment Act (FIA) was introduced to encourage foreign investments. These actions led to an initial rebound, with 3.4% GDP growth in Aquino’s first year

Long-Term Economic Implications

• The People Power Revolution restored democracy, initiated market oriented reforms but a fully transformed economy did not fully happen due to problems.

Political Instability

• President Aquino's administration faced several coup attempts.
• These coups made investors wary of investing in the Philippines, as they were unsure of the government's stability.

Structural Issues

• Income inequality with the rich getting richer, and the poor staying poor
• There were many poor people, with a lack of jobs, homes or basic human needs
• Deficient infrastructure of roads, bridges and electricity, necessary for business, hampered economic development.

Debt Servicing

• A big portion of the government money under Aquino was used to service Marcos-era debt.
• As a consequence this left less funding for services such as healthcare, education, and housing, hindering public projects.

Overview of Philippine History

• The Philippines has 7,641 islands with the three major islands being Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
• It is an archipelago in Southeast Asia.
• The Philippines strategic location on major maritime trade routes led to interactions with China, India, and Malaysia.
• The country has rich biodiversity, minerals and marine resources.
• Frequent typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions have influenced settlement patterns.

Cultural Context

• The Philippines has diverse ethnolinguistic groups, each with unique traditions, beliefs, and customs.
• Pre-colonial societies were well-established
• Pre-Colonial Cultures included indigenous communities such as the Igorots, Tagalogs, Visayans, and Lumads had their own languages, belief systems, and writing scripts.
• Colonial Influences: The Spanish, American, and Japanese colonizers introduced new systems, including Christianity, Western education, and political structures, blending with local traditions.
• Current Filipino culture blends indigenous Asian, and Western influences, seen in language, food, traditions and festivals.

Political Context

• The Philippines has undergone political transformations from pre-colonial to modern democracy.
• Pre-colonial Period: Barangays, led by datus, had decentralized governance and trade-based economies.
• Spanish Colonization (1565-1898) saw the introduction of centralized government, Catholicism, encomienda and galleon trade.
• American Period (1898-1946): Democratic institutions, public education, and infrastructure development was introduced.
• Japanese Period (1941-1945): Guerrilla resistance and economic devastation.
• Post-Independence Era (1946-present): The development of democratic institutions, Martial Law (1972-1981), and the People Power Revolution (1986).

Role of Oral Traditions, Indigenous Texts, and Archaeology

• Understanding Philippine history needs examination of sources beyond colonial records like oral traditions, indigenous texts and archaeological findings
• Oral Traditions included poems preserving the values, beliefs, and history of indigenous peoples
• Indigenous Texts included early writing systems like Baybayin provide insights into pre-colonial literacy and socio-political systems
• Archaeological Discoveries like the Manunggul Jar and Butuan Boats offer evidence of early civilization

Definition of Historiography

• Historiography is the study of how history is recorded, interpreted, and analyzed.

Colonial Historiography

• Early Spanish chroniclers portrayed Filipinos as uncivilized and needing Christianization.
• American and Japanese accounts highlighted their modernization and governance roles.
• An example is the "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" by Antonio de Morga.
• Early American educational materials emphasized Western influence.

Nationalist Historiography

• Nationalistic Historiography emerged after the revolution against Spain, highlighting Filipino resistance and self-determination.
• Focuses on heroes like Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, and Emilio Aguinaldo.
• Prominent historians of note are Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino.

Post-Colonial and Revisionist Historiography

• Challenges colonial and nationalist narratives by including perspectives from indigenous peoples, women, and marginalized sectors.
• Focuses on class struggle, gender issues, and regional histories.
• Examples include Renaldo Ileto’s Pasyon and Revolution which examines how religious narratives influenced revolutionary consciousness.
• Another example is Zeus Salazar’s Pantayong Pananaw advocates for a Filipino-centered approach to history.