1_3_6 Section 1 – Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities - 1.3 – Application Attacks - Request Forgeries
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Questions and Answers

What type of content is typically loaded directly from a website's server when you visit a webpage?

  • Images
  • Text (correct)
  • Scripts
  • Videos

    • Which servers provide the videos when loading a webpage from a typical website?

  • YouTube servers (correct)
  • Twitter servers
  • LinkedIn servers
  • Facebook servers

    • Where do the images and pictures on a webpage usually come from?

  • Instagram servers (correct)
  • Pinterest servers
  • TikTok servers
  • Reddit servers

    • Which component in the browser determines where to fetch the required information to build up a webpage?

    <p>HTML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables browsers to gather information from third-party sites without requiring login credentials?

    <p>Browser trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a victim often be unaware of their browser fetching information from third-party sites?

    <p>Data retrieval occurs in the background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attack occurs because the web application is vulnerable?

    <p>Server side request forgery (SSRF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can developers prevent server side request forgery vulnerabilities?

    <p>By evaluating input to the server and output from the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the 2019 SSRF attack on the Capital One bank website?

    <p>Sensitive information such as social security numbers and bank account numbers were accessed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What service was misconfigured, leading to the SSRF attack on Capital One's website?

    <p>Web application firewall (WAF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cloud storage service did the attacker access using the SSRF attack?

    <p>Amazon S3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to close SSRF vulnerabilities promptly?

    <p>To prevent attackers from gaining unauthorized access to services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of code is executed on the client side when you visit a website?

    <p>HTML and JavaScript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attack takes advantage of the trust a website has in a user's browser to perform actions on behalf of the user?

    <p>Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anti-forgery techniques in web applications?

    <p>To prevent unauthorized actions using user credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could an attacker potentially do in a successful Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attack?

    <p>Transfer funds from the victim's account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attack does not require exploiting the trust between a website and a user's browser?

    <p>Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that a Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attack can be initiated?

    <p>Through a hyperlink in an email</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack, what does the attacker need to find to exploit the vulnerability?

    <p>A vulnerable web application on the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is usually used in web applications to prevent Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks?

    <p>Cryptographic tokens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior can an attacker achieve in a successful Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack?

    <p>Accessing otherwise inaccessible services through the web server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does PHP primarily play in web development as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Executing code on the web server for back end processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the videos on a website typically come from?

    <p>The YouTube servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for determining where the browser fetches information from to build a webpage?

    <p>HTML content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a victim be unaware of their browser fetching information from third-party sites?

    <p>The embedded nature of content retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of credentials are typically not required when loading information from third-party sites on a webpage?

    <p>Browser login credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party benefits from the trust a user's browser has in gathering information from third-party sites?

    <p>Third-party servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the requests made by a browser when loading content from YouTube and Instagram?

    <p>They do not involve user logins for access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason an attacker might use Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) as described in the text?

    <p>To query the web server for additional functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an attacker leverage Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) to access a file storage device?

    <p>By intercepting communication between the web server and the device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a successful SSRF attack, what critical information enabled the attacker to access Amazon's S3 buckets?

    <p>Security credentials of the WAF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential data breach was a direct result of the SSRF attack on Capital One's website in 2019?

    <p>Credit card applications from 2005 through 2019</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can developers mitigate the risk of SSRF vulnerabilities based on the information provided?

    <p>Using a properly configured Web Application Firewall (WAF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging for victims to detect an SSRF attack through their web browser?

    <p>The attacks exploit trust between the website and server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common abbreviation used for Cross Site Request Forgery?

    <p>CSSRF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Cross Site Request Forgery attack, what action does the attacker want the user to take?

    <p>Click on a specific hyperlink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of HTML and PHP code on the web server mentioned in the text?

    <p>Performing back end processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attack requires the attacker to have the user's browser logged into a website?

    <p>Cross Site Request Forgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why an attacker would prefer Server Side Request Forgery over Cross Site Request Forgery?

    <p>Doesn't involve manipulating the client's browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can web application developers prevent Cross Site Request Forgery attacks as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Implementing cryptographic tokens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack that differentiates it from other attacks?

    <p>Involves sending requests directly to the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HTML and JavaScript are often presented to which part of a website?

    <p><strong>Client</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Web Content Loading

    • Webpages load various content directly from a server, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and often images and videos.
    • Video content on typical websites is usually sourced from dedicated streaming servers, such as YouTube or Vimeo.
    • Images and pictures on webpages usually come from the website’s own server or external image hosting services.

    Information Retrieval in Browsers

    • The browser’s rendering engine determines where to fetch the necessary information to construct a webpage.
    • Browsers can collect data from third-party sites without user login credentials due to cookie use and cross-origin resource sharing.

    Awareness of Third-Party Data Fetching

    • Victims may remain unaware of their browser’s data collection from third-party sites due to the seamless integration of this process within usual browsing activities.

    Vulnerabilities and Attacks

    • Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) occurs when a web application is vulnerable to an unauthorized request made by the server itself.
    • Developers can prevent SSRF vulnerabilities by validating and sanitizing user input, employing whitelisting strategies, and limiting what endpoints the server can reach.

    Capital One Case Study

    • The 2019 SSRF attack on Capital One led to the exposure of sensitive customer data, affecting over 100 million accounts.
    • A misconfigured web application firewall was responsible for the security breach during the attack.
    • The attacker exploited the SSRF vulnerability to gain access to Amazon S3 buckets, compromising credit card applications and other personal information.

    Importance of Addressing SSRF Vulnerabilities

    • Promptly closing SSRF vulnerabilities is crucial to prevent potential data breaches and maintain customer trust.

    Client-Side Code Execution

    • HTML and JavaScript are executed on the client side when a user visits a website, enabling interactive and dynamic content.

    Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Attacks

    • Cross Site Request Forgery exploits the trust a website has in a user's browser to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.
    • Anti-forgery techniques in web applications aim to protect against CSRF attacks by validating requests using tokens or similar methods.

    Potential Outcomes of CSRF Attacks

    • In a successful CSRF attack, an attacker could initiate undesirable transactions, modify account settings, or steal sensitive information.
    • Typical initiation methods for CSRF include embedding malicious links or forms in websites or emails.

    SSRF Exploitation Dynamics

    • Attackers leveraging SSRF need to identify vulnerable endpoints in the server that allow unauthorized requests to internal services or resources.
    • Techniques to prevent CSRF attacks usually involve implementing anti-CSRF tokens that confirm the authenticity of user requests.

    Characteristics of SSRF

    • A defining characteristic of SSRF is its exploitation of the web application’s trust in its server to send requests to unintended destinations.

    Role of PHP and Web Development

    • PHP primarily serves as a server-side scripting language used for dynamic content generation, database interaction, and session management in web development.

    Detection Challenges

    • Victims often struggle to detect SSRF attacks through their web browsers due to the covert nature of server-side requests and responses.

    Abbreviations and Actions in Attacks

    • CSRF is commonly abbreviated to represent Cross Site Request Forgery.
    • In a CSRF attack, an attacker typically aims to trick the user into performing transactions good for the attacker’s benefit without their knowledge.

    HTML and JavaScript Delivery

    • HTML and JavaScript code is frequently presented to the browser in the client-side layer of a website for enhanced user interactions and layout rendering.

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