Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these conditions are optimized in glasshouses and polythene tunnels to increase crop yield?
Which of these conditions are optimized in glasshouses and polythene tunnels to increase crop yield?
Fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, but they can also negatively impact the environment.
Fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, but they can also negatively impact the environment.
True (A)
What is the primary function of a pesticide?
What is the primary function of a pesticide?
To kill pests that threaten crop yield.
The process of using a natural predator to control pest populations is called ______ control.
The process of using a natural predator to control pest populations is called ______ control.
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Match the following types of pesticides with their target organisms:
Match the following types of pesticides with their target organisms:
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Biological control methods are always faster and more effective than chemical pesticides.
Biological control methods are always faster and more effective than chemical pesticides.
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What is the main role of yeast in bread making?
What is the main role of yeast in bread making?
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What happens to the yeast cells and the ethanol produced during baking?
What happens to the yeast cells and the ethanol produced during baking?
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What is the primary purpose of homogenizing milk in yoghurt production?
What is the primary purpose of homogenizing milk in yoghurt production?
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In fish farming, intraspecific predation refers to predation between different species.
In fish farming, intraspecific predation refers to predation between different species.
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What is the role of lactobacillus in yoghurt production?
What is the role of lactobacillus in yoghurt production?
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Selective breeding aims to improve ______ in plants and animals.
Selective breeding aims to improve ______ in plants and animals.
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Match the following components of a fermenter with their function:
Match the following components of a fermenter with their function:
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What is the primary purpose of using pesticides in fish farming?
What is the primary purpose of using pesticides in fish farming?
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Genetically modified organisms can be created using restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes.
Genetically modified organisms can be created using restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes.
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What is one advantage of genetically modifying plants to be resistant to disease?
What is one advantage of genetically modifying plants to be resistant to disease?
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Why does genetic modification require the use of a vector?
Why does genetic modification require the use of a vector?
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The process of ______ involves breeding individuals with desirable traits to create offspring that inherit those characteristics.
The process of ______ involves breeding individuals with desirable traits to create offspring that inherit those characteristics.
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Flashcards
Yoghurt Production
Yoghurt Production
The process of making yoghurt from milk using lactobacillus bacteria.
Pasteurization
Pasteurization
Heating milk at 85-95°C for 15-30 minutes to kill pathogens.
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
Bacteria used in yoghurt making that ferments lactose into lactic acid.
Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding
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Interspecific Predation
Interspecific Predation
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Transgenic Organism
Transgenic Organism
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Genetic Modification
Genetic Modification
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
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Humans Insulin Production
Humans Insulin Production
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Industrial Fermenters
Industrial Fermenters
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Glasshouses
Glasshouses
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Artificial Lighting
Artificial Lighting
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Fertilisers
Fertilisers
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Pesticides
Pesticides
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Biological Control
Biological Control
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Yeast in Bread Making
Yeast in Bread Making
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Study Notes
Crop Production
- Glasshouses and Polythene Tunnels: These structures improve crop yield by controlling environmental factors:
- Light: Artificial lighting supplements natural light during winter. Transparent walls allow natural light for photosynthesis in summer.
- Temperature: Heating systems maintain optimal temperatures, even in cold weather, increasing productivity.
- CO2: Heaters burning fossil fuels increase CO2 levels, enhancing photosynthesis.
- Fertilizers: Boost crop yield by supplying essential nutrients:
- Phosphates: Crucial for DNA and cell membranes.
- Nitrates: Necessary for DNA and amino acids, enabling plant growth.
- Pest Control:
- Chemical Pesticides: Chemicals targeting specific pests like fungi (fungicides), weeds (herbicides), and insects (insecticides).
- Advantages: Effective pest control, often readily available, and fast-acting.
- Disadvantages: Potential pest resistance, environmental pollution, and the need for consistent reapplication.
- Biological Control: Natural methods preventing pests, such as
- Natural Predators: Introducing beneficial organisms like ladybirds for aphid control.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: Introducing disease-causing agents to target pest populations.
- Sterile Males: Introducing sterile males to disrupt breeding patterns.
- Pheromones: Utilizing pheromones to disrupt mating rituals.
- Advantages: Eco-friendly, no chemical residues, and long-term solutions.
- Disadvantages: Can be a slower process compared to chemical control.
- Chemical Pesticides: Chemicals targeting specific pests like fungi (fungicides), weeds (herbicides), and insects (insecticides).
Food Production: Other Examples
- Bread Production:
- Yeast, added to flour and water, ferments during bread-making.
- Initial aerobic respiration produces CO2, raising the dough.
- Anaerobic respiration (when oxygen is limited) produces alcohol and CO2.
- Baking kills yeast and evaporates alcohol.
- Yogurt Production:
- Milk sterilization: All equipment is sterilized & the milk is pasteurized and homogenized for quality control.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Specific bacteria (lactobacillus) are added, which ferment lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and thickening the milk into yogurt.
- Industrial Fermentation: Large-scale production using fermenters offers highly controlled conditions:
- Nutrients: Provided via pipes for targeted feeding.
- pH Control: Maintaining the desired pH using buffers.
- Air Flow: Providing oxygen for aerobic respiration, filtering to prevent contamination.
- Mixing: Stirring paddles ensure even distribution of nutrients and temperature.
- Waste Removal: Removing waste products to maintain hygiene.
Animal and Plant Breeding
- Fish Farming: Creating controlled environments for fish breeding:
- Water Quality: Maintaining clean water environments in breeding tanks/ponds.
- Predation Control: Preventing both intraspecies and interspecies predation, which reduces mortality.
- Disease Control: Using pesticides to remove pathogens and antibiotics to prevent diseases.
- Waste Removal: Cleaning up dead fish and other waste to prevent infections.
- Selective Breeding: Choosing breeding fish based on traits for targeted characteristics.
- Selective Breeding: Producing desirable traits in plants or animals using generations of selection and breeding. This applies to both plants and animals for traits such as:
- High yield: For increased production.
- Disease resistance.
- Drought tolerance.
- Growth rate.
- Quality: for example, higher quality fur or increased egg production for birds.
Genetic Modification
-
Genetic Modification (GM):
- Purpose: Altering an organism's DNA to enhance desired characteristics using restriction enzymes and ligase.
- Process: Inserting a gene from one species into another to achieve specific traits.
- Recombinant DNA: Combining different genetic elements to build the desired DNA structure.
- Vectors: Using plasmids or viruses to carry the inserted gene into the host organism.
- Applications:
- Insulin Production: Genetically modified bacteria produce large amounts of human insulin, crucial for type 1 diabetes patients. This process involves cutting plasmid DNA, inserting the human insulin gene, and then introducing the recombinant plasmid back into the bacteria.
-
Genestically Modified Plants: Crops genetically enhanced to achieve:
- Increased Yield.
- Drought/Disease Resistance.
- Extended Shelf Life.
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Description
Explore the essential techniques in crop production, including the use of glasshouses and polythene tunnels to optimize growth conditions. Learn about the impact of fertilizers on plant health and productivity, along with pest control strategies. This quiz will deepen your understanding of agricultural practices that enhance yield.
