Podcast
Questions and Answers
What principle does the dhekli system use for lifting water?
What principle does the dhekli system use for lifting water?
Which component in the dhekli setup helps in counterbalancing the bucket of water?
Which component in the dhekli setup helps in counterbalancing the bucket of water?
Which method involves the use of animals for lifting water?
Which method involves the use of animals for lifting water?
In the chain pump system, what mechanism is used to lift the water container?
In the chain pump system, what mechanism is used to lift the water container?
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How does the large wheel in the rahat system help in lifting water out of the well?
How does the large wheel in the rahat system help in lifting water out of the well?
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Which part of the dhekli system directly interacts with the well water?
Which part of the dhekli system directly interacts with the well water?
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What distinguishes the rahat system from other traditional water lifting techniques?
What distinguishes the rahat system from other traditional water lifting techniques?
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What triggers the lifting mechanism in the chain pump?
What triggers the lifting mechanism in the chain pump?
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Where is the weight attached in the dhekli system?
Where is the weight attached in the dhekli system?
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In the chain pump, what ensures the continuous movement of water containers?
In the chain pump, what ensures the continuous movement of water containers?
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Study Notes
Crop Production and Management
Definition of Crops
- Crops are plants grown on a large scale in fields to obtain food like cereals, pulses, vegetables, and fruits.
- Examples of crops include wheat, rice, and maize.
Agricultural Implements
Levelling
- The levelling of ploughed fields helps in uniform distribution of water during irrigation.
- A leveller is a heavy wooden or iron plank pulled by bullocks or a tractor.
Manuring
- Manuring means adding manure to the soil before ploughing.
- Manure contains nutrients required for plant growth.
Plough
- A plough is a large agricultural implement used for loosening and turning soil in fields.
- Traditionally, a plough is made of wood with a strong triangular iron strip called a ploughshaft.
- The plough is pulled by animals like bullocks.
Hoe
- A hoe is an agricultural implement used for removing weeds and loosening and turning soil.
- A hoe consists of a long rod of wood or iron with a handle and a bent plate of iron below.
Cultivator
- A cultivator is a tractor-driven agricultural implement used for loosening and turning soil quickly.
- A cultivator has many ploughshares that can dig into a considerable area of soil at a time.
Sowing
Process of Sowing
- Sowing is the process of scattering seeds in the cultivated soil to grow plants.
- Good quality seeds are selected before sowing.
Methods of Sowing Seeds
- There are two methods of sowing seeds: by hand and by using a seed drill.
- Sowing by hand is not recommended as seeds may not be spaced properly and may be eaten by birds.
- A seed drill is a long iron tube with a funnel at the top that helps in sowing seeds at correct depth and intervals.
Advantages of Sowing with a Seed Drill
- Seeds are sown at correct depth and intervals.
- Seeds are sown in regular rows.
- Seeds get covered by soil, preventing damage by birds.
- Sowing with a seed drill saves time and labour.
Precautions for Sowing Seeds
- Seeds should be sown at the right depth in the soil suitable for germination.
- Seeds should be sown at the right intervals to prevent overcrowding or under-crowding.
- Seeds should not be sown in dry or highly wet soil.
Transplanting
Process of Transplanting
- Transplanting is the process of transferring seedlings from a nursery to a main field.
- Seedlings are grown in a nursery and then picked out and transferred to the main field.
Advantages of Transplanting
- Transplanting helps in selecting healthy seedlings.
- Transplanting allows for better root penetration and plant growth.
- Transplanting is used for crops like paddy and vegetables like tomatoes and chillies.
Adding Manure and Fertilizers
Manure
- Manure is a natural substance obtained from the decomposition of animal and plant residues.
- Manure provides essential plant nutrients and helps to make up the general deficiency in the soil.
Advantages of Manure
- Manure enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
- Manure makes the soil porous, allowing for easy exchange of gases.
- Manure increases the number of useful microbes in the soil.
- Manure improves the texture of the soil.
Crop Rotation
Definition of Crop Rotation
- Crop rotation is the practice of growing different types of crops alternately in the same field.
- Leguminous crops like pulses, peas, and beans are grown alternately with cereal crops like wheat, maize, and paddy.
Advantages of Crop Rotation
- Crop rotation improves the fertility of the soil by replenishing it with nitrogen.
- Crop rotation saves nitrogenous fertilizers.
- Crop rotation brings about an increase in crop production.
Irrigation
Importance of Irrigation
- Irrigation is necessary to supply water to crop plants in fields.
- Water from the soil is lost constantly by evaporation and percolation.
Sources of Irrigation
- Rivers
- Canals
- Wells
- Tube-wells
- Ponds
- Lakes
- Rainwater
Traditional Methods of Irrigation
Moat (Pulley System)
- Moat is a traditional method of irrigation that uses a big container tied to a rope and pulled by animals like bullocks.
- The container is filled with water and then poured into the fields.
Chain Pump
- Chain pump is a traditional method of irrigation that uses a chain with small buckets to lift water from a source like a stream, pond, or lake.
- The buckets are filled with water and then emptied into the fields.
Dhekli
- Dhekli is a traditional method of irrigation that uses a simple lever system to lift water from shallow wells.
- A long wooden beam is supported over a forked support fixed in the ground near the well.
- A bucket is tied to the end of the longer lever arm, and a weight is tied to the end of the shorter lever arm.
- The bucket is filled with water, and then the weight is released, lifting the bucket out of the well.
Rahat (Lever System)
- Rahat is a traditional method of irrigation that uses a lever system to lift water from wells.
- A large wheel is fixed on an axle above the mouth of a well.
- A long belt with many small pots is put over the wheel, and the wheel is turned by a lever using the force of bullocks or other animals.
- The pots are filled with water and then emptied into a channel.
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Description
Learn about the basics of crop production, including classification of kharif and rabi crops, agricultural practices, and irrigation methods. Understand the difference between manure and fertilizers.
