Critical Thinking Chapters 3-5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a shift in perspective within a piece of writing?

  • To summarize the main points effectively
  • To convey a change in focus or introduce new insights (correct)
  • To make the writing more complex
  • To create a more dramatic climax

Which of the following statements describes an inductive argument?

  • It cites statistical data as its main evidence.
  • It draws a conclusion based on generalizing observations of a sample. (correct)
  • It relies solely on emotional appeals.
  • It guarantees that the conclusion is certain.

What type of argument relies on the testimony of a person who witnessed an event?

  • Argument by witness (correct)
  • Argument by cause
  • Argument by generalization
  • Argument by authority

What is the purpose of premise indicators in an argument?

<p>To signal that a premise is being presented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rhetorical device expresses doubt or uncertainty about an idea or argument?

<p>Aporia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tonal ambiguity refer to in writing?

<p>Multiple interpretations of the tone or attitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inference indicators in an argument?

<p>To signal a conclusion is being drawn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of argument asserts a cause-and-effect relationship?

<p>Argument by cause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of premise only supports a conclusion when combined with another premise?

<p>Dependent premise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which premise weakens or undermines an argument by offering contrary evidence?

<p>Negatively relevant premise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a missing conclusion in the context of an argument?

<p>An implied conclusion not directly stated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of argument consists of a single set of premises leading to a single conclusion?

<p>Simple argument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an example used to disprove a generalization or claim?

<p>Counter example (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valid argument?

<p>An argument where the conclusion logically follows from the premises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'abduction' in reasoning?

<p>Inferring the most plausible explanation from given evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a premise that does not contribute meaningfully to the conclusion?

<p>Irrelevant premise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'premise indicator' signal?

<p>Words or phrases that signal a premise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a premise that can effectively connect premises to the conclusion?

<p>Illative core (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is common knowledge in the context of arguments?

<p>Information accepted by the general public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In rhetoric, what is 'logos' primarily concerned with?

<p>Logical reasoning and evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a premise that cannot be confirmed or tested by evidence?

<p>Unverifiable premise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves questioning or doubting the validity of an argument?

<p>Skeptic’s strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a 'missing premise' in an argument?

<p>A premise that is implied but not explicitly stated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an argument where one premise or conclusion is implicitly understood?

<p>Enthymeme. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method demonstrates flaws in an argument using exaggerated examples?

<p>Method of Absurd Examples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a 'satisfactory premise' in an argument?

<p>A reasonable and credible premise within the argument's context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk of ignoring assumptions in scientific studies?

<p>It can lead to misinterpretations or biases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that one should present others' arguments in the strongest form?

<p>Principle of charity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pathos' appeal to in rhetoric?

<p>Emotional responses and feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to make assumptions explicit in scientific arguments?

<p>To allow for rigorous testing and peer review. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to implicit beliefs that are assumed without evidence in an argument?

<p>Assumptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can arise from unexamined assumptions in research?

<p>They may blind researchers to alternate explanations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fallacy occurs due to inadequate or irrelevant support for a conclusion?

<p>Fallacies of support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the problem with not considering future changes in climate studies?

<p>Assuming all variables are constant when they vary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of an eristic style of argument?

<p>Winning the argument (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization arranges content based on physical location or layout?

<p>Spatial organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What responsibility involves engaging in fair and constructive debate?

<p>Dialectical obligation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of analysis in a scientific context?

<p>To breakdown information to understand its structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of making assumptions specific and transparent in scientific research?

<p>It increases reliability and precision in research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an analogy primarily used for?

<p>To highlight similarities to explain complex ideas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a circular definition?

<p>A definition using the term being defined within itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is an example of a tautology?

<p>A bachelor is an unmarried man. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a synthetic statement depend on?

<p>Empirical evidence or observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a qualified statement?

<p>A statement that includes limitations or hedges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes referential ambiguity?

<p>Unclear reference of a pronoun or term (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of a paradigm?

<p>A model or pattern representing a worldview (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes tonal ambiguity?

<p>Ambiguity from conflicting emotional tones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an unqualified statement?

<p>A definitive statement without limitations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Analogy

A comparison between two things to explain a complex idea in simpler terms by highlighting similarities.

Analysis

The process of breaking down information into smaller parts to understand its structure, meaning, or purpose.

Spatial Organization

Arranging content based on physical location or layout, like describing a place from top to bottom.

Chronological Organization

Arranging events or ideas in the order of time, from earliest to most recent.

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Structural Organization

Arranging ideas based on their logical or physical structure, like sections, paragraphs, or segments.

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Shift in Perspective

A change in the point of view, narrative voice, or emotional tone within a piece of writing.

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Climactic Organization

A structure where ideas or events are arranged in increasing order of importance or intensity, leading to a peak or climax.

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Anecdote

A brief, personal story or account of a real event, often used to illustrate a point or add human interest.

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Irony

A contrast between expectations and reality, where something happens that is the opposite of what one might anticipate.

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Aporia

A rhetorical device that expresses doubt or uncertainty about a particular idea or argument, often posing a question to the audience that suggests conflicting viewpoints.

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Tonal Ambiguity

The presence of multiple interpretations of the tone or attitude of a piece of writing, where the emotional or stylistic tone may be unclear or open to different readings.

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Argument

A statement or series of statements intended to convince someone of a particular point of view, typically involving premises and a conclusion.

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Premise

A statement that provides support or evidence for the conclusion in an argument.

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Pathos

A persuasive technique that appeals to the audience's emotions.

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Statement

A statement that is either true or false.

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Abduction

A reasoning process involving drawing the best explanation from available evidence.

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Conclusion indicator

Words or phrases that signal the conclusion of an argument.

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Supportive (relevant) premise

A premise that is directly related to and supports the conclusion being drawn.

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Intuition

The ability to understand something instinctively without conscious reasoning.

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Reason (in the sense of a premise)

A statement or justification used to support a claim or argument.

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Ethos

A rhetorical appeal to the speaker's credibility and character, establishing trust with the audience.

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Dependent premise

A premise that only supports the conclusion when combined with another premise.

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Satisfactory premise

A premise that is acceptable and contributes effectively to the argument.

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Relevant premise

A premise that directly relates to the argument and helps support the conclusion.

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Positively relevant premise

A premise that supports the conclusion in a way that strengthens the argument.

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Negatively relevant premise

A premise that weakens or undermines the argument by offering contrary evidence or reasoning.

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Irrelevant premise

A premise that does not contribute to or support the conclusion in any meaningful way.

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Missing conclusion

A situation where the conclusion of an argument is implied but not explicitly stated.

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Explanation

A statement or series of statements that clarify how or why something happens, often providing causal or contextual information.

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Relevant Expert

An expert in a specific field whose opinions or findings are directly relevant to the topic of the argument.

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Unverifiable Premise

A premise that cannot be confirmed or tested by evidence or observation.

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Unsupported Claims

Claims made without sufficient evidence or justification to back them up.

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S-test

A test for the sufficiency, acceptability, and relevance of premises in an argument.

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Principle of Charity

The idea that when interpreting others' arguments, one should aim to present them in the most reasonable and strongest form.

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Dialectical Obligation

The responsibility to engage in fair and constructive debate, considering opposing views and responding to them logically.

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Explaining the Weakness

The process of identifying and addressing the weaknesses or flaws in one's own argument or the arguments of others.

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Counter-Examples

Examples used to challenge or disprove an argument or generalization.

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Circular definition

A definition that uses the term being defined within the definition itself, leading to a circular explanation.

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Tautology

A statement that is true by definition, often redundant or uninformative. For example, "A bachelor is an unmarried man."

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Synthetic statement

A statement whose truth or falsity depends on empirical evidence or observation, not just the meaning of the terms.

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Scope

The range or extent of something, often referring to the coverage or applicability of an argument or concept.

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Conviction

A firmly held belief or opinion.

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Trope

A figurative or metaphorical use of language, often used to convey meaning in a creative or rhetorical way.

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Idiom

A phrase or expression whose meaning is not directly related to the meanings of its individual words. For example, "kick the bucket" means "to die."

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Study Notes

Part One: Multiple Choice

  • Requires general knowledge of terms and definitions related to argumentation
  • Documents to learn: terms and definitions

Part Two: Applied Skills and Exercises

  • Identifying hidden premises
  • Determining if premises are dependent or independent
  • Identifying the mode of inference
  • Applying the "S-test" to evaluate argument strength (strong/weak)
  • Determining premise relevance (positive/negative)
  • Identifying syllogism types in deductive arguments (categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive)
  • Identifying inductive argument types (generalization, sign, cause, authority, witness)
  • Learning Chapter 3, 4, and 5 from "How to Think Critically"
  • Learning Chapter 5 of "From Thought to Theme"
  • Evaluating arguments and recognizing elements from the text

Part Three: Short Essay

  • Requires a 300-word essay on a given subject
  • Learning basic essay writing skills
  • Reviewing class content for essay writing

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Description

Test your understanding of argumentation with this quiz based on Chapters 3, 4, and 5 from 'How to Think Critically' and Chapter 5 of 'From Thought to Theme'. The quiz includes multiple choice questions, applied skills exercises, and a short essay component, focusing on key terms, premises, and argument evaluation. Perfect for honing your critical thinking and essay writing abilities.

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