Critical Thinking and Scientific Method Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main theme of the text provided?

  • The struggles of transitioning from high school to university
  • The benefits of being considered the smart one in high school
  • The importance of studying in the Science and Technology faculty
  • Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills (correct)

    • Why does Danielle believe she can improve her grades in second year?

  • By being more focused (correct)
  • By following the trend
  • By sticking to one study method
  • By seeking a second opinion

    • What aspect of studying does Danielle struggle with?

  • Seeking a second opinion
  • Studying in the Science and Technology faculty
  • Studying for long hours (correct)
  • Following her mind

    • What does Danielle attribute her less-than-expected performance to?

    <p>Lack of confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Danielle plan to approach her second year at university?

    <p>By being more focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what is meant by 'Do I just follow the trend?'

    <p>Copying others blindly without critical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Do I ask for a second opinion?' suggests that the individual is considering:

    <p>Seeking guidance from multiple sources to make informed decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking's definition of critical thinking?

    <p>An intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?

    <p>Acquiring Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking?

    <p>Flexibility in focusing on previous situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves identifying strengths, weaknesses, and challenges in solving a problem?

    <p>Analyze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the step 'Synthesize' involve in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?

    <p>Developing routes to solving the problem; prioritizing multiple solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example given under 'Obstacles to critical thinking'?

    <p>Being affected by emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of allowing extraneous situations to influence thinking?

    <p>Reduced objectivity in decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the importance of considering alternate explanations for a finding?

    <p>Ruling out rival hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to remember that correlation isn't causation?

    <p>To prevent false assumptions about cause and effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept states that every claim must be capable of being disproven?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is replicability important in the scientific method?

    <p>To confirm findings across different studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle 'extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence' suggest?

    <p>Claims contradicting current knowledge need convincing evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific method, what does the concept of falsifiability ensure?

    <p>Claims must be capable of being disproven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of replicability contribute to the reliability of scientific findings?

    <p>By ensuring that results can be duplicated in other studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ruling out rival hypotheses' is essential in critical thinking because it:

    <p>Ensures all alternatives are considered before accepting a claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the intellectually disciplined process of critical thinking as defined by the National Council for Excellence?

    <p>Acquiring knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text provided?

    <p>Considering alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What step in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking involves acting on the developed direction to solve a problem?

    <p>Take Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is overreliance on personal abilities listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text?

    <p>It can lead to underestimating challenges in solving a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in critical thinking involves developing multiple prioritized solutions to a problem?

    <p>Synthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pride and self-deception are listed as obstacles to critical thinking because they may lead to:

    <p>Increased rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Do I just follow the trend?' is a reflection of which obstacle to critical thinking?

    <p>Not considering alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of critical thinking is Danielle focusing on improving as she enters her second year at university?

    <p>Problem-solving abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Danielle's exemplifies a common misconception related to academic success?

    <p>High confidence level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Danielle's belief that she just needs to be more focused indicate about her approach to improvement?

    <p>She values hard work over natural talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might Danielle's experience serve as a cautionary tale for incoming university students?

    <p>To highlight the challenges of transitioning from high school to university</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Danielle's situation challenge the common stereotype associated with high-achieving students?

    <p>They never face setbacks or academic challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Danielle's readiness to begin second year with a new mind-set imply about her attitude towards academic improvement?

    <p>She is open to change and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Danielle's experience encourage a reevaluation of the correlation between high school success and university performance?

    <p>By questioning the relevance of high school grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle asserts that all claims must be capable of being disproven?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for scientists to consider ruling out rival hypotheses?

    <p>To avoid confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'Correlation isn't causation' warn against?

    <p>Assuming every correlation implies causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for extraordinary claims to have extraordinary evidence?

    <p>To overcome confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the text, what does 'Replicability' refer to?

    <p>The ability to duplicate study results in other experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for researchers to distinguish between correlation and causation?

    <p>To prevent confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle highlights the necessity to consider if results can be duplicated in other studies?

    <p>'Replicability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ruling out rival hypotheses' in critical thinking primarily aims to:

    <p>Overcome confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe an effect that occurs because subjects expect it to happen?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology experiments, what refers to the consistency of measurement?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

    <p>To control confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common problem that may occur in psychology experiments due to participants changing their behavior when they know they are being studied?

    <p>Hawthorne effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In experimental psychology, what is the term used for the manipulation of the independent variable?

    <p>Manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical issue in psychology research is highlighted in the text?

    <p>Excessive exaggeration of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology, what does the term 'pseudosymmetry' refer to?

    <p>Creating scientific controversy where there is none</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action raises ethical concerns in psychology research according to the text?

    <p>Adjusting graph axes to highlight certain aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common problem in experiments does the text warn against in psychology research?

    <p>Truncated line graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiment in psychology should researchers be cautious of according to the text?

    <p>Studies with excessive exaggeration of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ethical concern associated with case studies in psychology?

    <p>Potential invasion of privacy due to detailed study of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is commonly encountered in survey research that researchers must be cautious about?

    <p>Sampling bias leading to unrepresentative samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of correlational research in psychology?

    <p>Difficulty in establishing causation between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue researchers face when using survey questionnaires in psychological research?

    <p>Unreliable or inaccurate responses from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes the halo effect in psychology research?

    <p>Making an overall judgment based on one trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should psychologists do in cases where full disclosure of experimental procedures could influence the results?

    <p>Conduct debriefing sessions with the participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should researchers handle the release of research records according to ethical guidelines?

    <p>Ensure that research records are confidential unless participants consent to their release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology experiments requiring deception, what is the purpose of the debriefing process?

    <p>To inform participants about the deception used and discuss the research with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of competence for researchers in the field of psychology?

    <p>To work within their own limits of knowledge and skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do participants typically respond to experiments involving deception, as indicated in studies?

    <p>They usually find such experiments more interesting than nondeception experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do psychologists adhere to ethical principles of research?

    <p>To protect the rights of human participants in studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common problem in psychological experiments?

    <p>Failure to obtain informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychologists evaluate the measures they use in experiments?

    <p>By ensuring the measures are consistent and reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of good experimental methods in psychology?

    <p>Using random assignment to groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiment in psychology involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effects on a dependent variable?

    <p>Experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of statistics in psychology helps determine if findings can be applied to a larger population?

    <p>Inferential statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology experiments, what term is used to describe how loosely or tightly clustered the scores are in a data set?

    <p>Dispersion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for psychologists to consider the confidence interval in their statistical analysis?

    <p>To determine if data is significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of statistical significance indicates that a finding is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone?

    <p>Probability less than 1 in 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology research, what do psychologists use Inferential Statistics for?

    <p>To generalize findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on examining the biological basis for behavior?

    <p>Physiological psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of psychology focuses on maladaptive behavior, its causes, consequences, and treatment?

    <p>Abnormal psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology examines how people are affected by social situations?

    <p>Social psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does industrial-organizational psychology primarily focus on?

    <p>Workplace behavior and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology aims to understand the function of age on behavior?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of experimental psychology?

    <p>Manipulating variables to study behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychology is concerned with exploring issues related to attitudes, impressions, and group behaviors?

    <p>Social psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between an experimental group and a control group in a valid experiment?

    <p>The level of the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To control for the placebo effect in an experiment, subjects should:

    <p>Not know which group they are placed into</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe participants changing their behavior because they know they are being studied?

    <p>Hawthorne effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating measures in psychology, what does reliability refer to?

    <p>Consistency of measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of random assignment of participants to conditions in an experiment?

    <p>To minimize pre-existing differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method helps counter the experimenter expectancy effect unintentionally biasing results?

    <p>Double-blind procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of experimental research, what is the primary purpose of debriefing participants after a study?

    <p>To provide additional information and clarify any misconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common challenge faced when using survey questionnaires in psychological research?

    <p>Difficulty in generalizing findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes correlational research from experimental research?

    <p>Experimental research aims to establish cause-effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using longitudinal studies in psychological research?

    <p>Captures changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survey method allows researchers to make observations without influencing the environment?

    <p>Naturalistic observation surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting correlational research, what common misconception should researchers avoid?

    <p>Assuming causation based on correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of case studies according to the text?

    <p>They cannot generalize as individuals are unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect in survey research is described as rating all responses in a similar way, either negatively or positively?

    <p>Leniency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In correlational research, what is the primary focus of studying two or more variables?

    <p>Determining if variables are related to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes interviews from questionnaires in the context of surveys?

    <p>Questionnaires involve written forms for responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does longitudinal study provide that surveys may lack?

    <p>It involves studying people over an extended period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge faced by researchers in experimental research when trying to establish causation?

    <p>Confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

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