Critical Care of Patients With Shock

A life-threatening condition where the body's organs aren't getting enough oxygen due to inadequate blood flow.

The predictable sequence of events that occur when the body's organs are deprived of oxygen.

Any problem that disrupts blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues leading to shock.

Hypovolemic shock is caused by low blood volume.

Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the body's demands.

Distributive shock happens when blood vessels widen, leading to decreased blood pressure.

Obstructive shock occurs when something blocks the blood flow to the heart.

Septic shock, neurogenic shock, and anaphylactic shock are all types of distributive shock.

A type of shock caused by a decrease in total body fluid volume, resulting in inadequate blood flow to the tissues.

A type of shock caused by a failure of the heart to pump effectively, despite adequate fluid volume.

A type of shock caused by the shifting of fluid from the central vascular space, leading to decreased blood volume.

A type of shock caused by a physical obstruction that prevents effective blood flow.

A life-threatening organ dysfunction triggered by a dysregulated response to infection.

A severe form of sepsis characterized by circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities, significantly increasing the risk of death.

A condition where the heart is unable to pump effectively due to external factors, such as pressure on the heart or obstruction of blood flow.

A disorder characterized by inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.

A decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) below the patient's normal baseline value, detected by pressure-sensitive nerve receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

The process of redirecting blood flow from less vital areas to vital organs during shock, often causing symptoms like cold extremities.

A buildup of lactic acid and other harmful metabolites due to anaerobic cellular metabolism in shock, contributing to acidosis and tissue damage.

A complex condition where severe organ dysfunction occurs due to prolonged shock, leading to decreased function and potentially organ failure.

A loss of vascular volume, resulting in decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and potentially reduced circulating red blood cells (RBCs).

The condition of inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to cellular dysfunction and damage.

The process by which cells produce energy without oxygen, leading to the accumulation of harmful byproducts like lactic acid.

A sustained decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from decreased circulating blood volume, the main trigger for the development of hypovolemic shock.

The stage of shock where the body's compensatory mechanisms are failing, and organs begin to shut down.

A serious condition where multiple organs fail due to inadequate oxygen supply, often following severe shock.

The final stage of shock where organ damage is irreversible, and the body cannot recover.

Small blood clots that form in the microcirculation, blocking blood flow and damaging tissues.

A rapid, weak pulse, low blood pressure, pale or bluish skin, cool and moist skin, decreased urine output, and low oxygen saturation.

A decrease in blood pH, along with rising lactic acid and potassium levels.

The patient may feel like something bad is about to happen, experience confusion, and have increased thirst.

The time frame within which interventions need to be initiated to reverse progressive shock and potentially save the patient's life.

The body's attempt to compensate for decreased blood pressure (MAP) by activating hormones and the kidneys to increase blood volume and constrict blood vessels.

Renin, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), aldosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are all released during the compensatory stage of shock.

The kidney works to conserve water and sodium, leading to decreased urine output and increased blood volume.

The body preferentially directs blood flow to vital organs like the brain and heart, reducing blood supply to less vital areas like the skin and GI tract.

The progressive stage of shock occurs when compensatory mechanisms fail, causing significant tissue damage and organ failure.

Significant drop in blood pressure (MAP) of greater than 20 mm Hg from baseline, indicating a serious deterioration in the body's ability to maintain blood flow.

Critical organs like the heart, brain, and lungs begin to experience oxygen deprivation, while less vital organs become anoxic (no oxygen) and ischemic (cell death).

The worsening of changes resulting from decreased tissue perfusion, including coldness, pallor, and a rapid, weak pulse, indicates the progression of shock.

A decrease in the pH level of the blood (below 7.35), indicating insufficient tissue oxygenation and anaerobic metabolism, which leads to acidosis.

An increased level of lactate (above 7 mg/dL or 0.8 mmol/L) in the blood, indicating a buildup of metabolites due to anaerobic metabolism.

An elevated hematocrit level, reflecting the body's attempt to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity by concentrating red blood cells due to fluid loss.

A decrease in the PaO2 level (below 80 mmHg), indicating inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to limited oxygen uptake in the lungs.

An increased PaCO2 level (above 45 mmHg), indicating the body's attempt to compensate for acidosis by retaining carbon dioxide.

Changes in the mental status and behavior of the patient, including altered level of consciousness, confusion, disorientation, and agitation, which can be early warning signs of shock.

An increased potassium level in the blood (above 5.0 mEq/L or mmol/L), indicating a buildup of potassium due to dehydration and acidosis.