Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the key aspects that different research methodologies require in order to assess validity, importance and applicability?
What is one of the key aspects that different research methodologies require in order to assess validity, importance and applicability?
- Applying a checklist
- Understanding different methodologies (correct)
- Implementing consistent tools
- Asking similar questions
How can pharmacists determine if a piece of research is reliable and trustworthy?
How can pharmacists determine if a piece of research is reliable and trustworthy?
- Balancing clinical research with practice knowledge and patient preference (correct)
- Using clinical research alone as the basis
- By relying solely on patient preference
- Ignoring practice knowledge
In evidence based practice, what contributes to making informed clinical decisions other than well-conducted clinical research?
In evidence based practice, what contributes to making informed clinical decisions other than well-conducted clinical research?
- Patient preference, practice knowledge, and well-conducted clinical research (correct)
- Patient preference only
- Practice knowledge only
- Patient preference and practice knowledge only
What is a core skill emphasized in critical appraisal?
What is a core skill emphasized in critical appraisal?
How do patients determine if the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks?
How do patients determine if the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks?
What should individuals be aware of when reading and critically appraising research papers?
What should individuals be aware of when reading and critically appraising research papers?
What is the purpose of a proper randomisation process in a clinical trial?
What is the purpose of a proper randomisation process in a clinical trial?
In a clinical trial, what does 'blinding' refer to?
In a clinical trial, what does 'blinding' refer to?
Why is statistical power calculation important in a clinical trial?
Why is statistical power calculation important in a clinical trial?
What does 'intention to treat analysis' involve in clinical trials?
What does 'intention to treat analysis' involve in clinical trials?
Why is statistical significance not equivalent to clinical significance in research studies?
Why is statistical significance not equivalent to clinical significance in research studies?
What do confidence intervals (CI) express in research studies?
What do confidence intervals (CI) express in research studies?
In a clinical trial, what does 'PICO' stand for?
In a clinical trial, what does 'PICO' stand for?
'Loss to follow-up' in a study is mainly considered as a potential source of:
'Loss to follow-up' in a study is mainly considered as a potential source of:
What aspect does 'Power calculation' help determine in a study?
What aspect does 'Power calculation' help determine in a study?
What is the primary focus of critical appraisal in a research paper?
What is the primary focus of critical appraisal in a research paper?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why critical appraisal is important in research?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why critical appraisal is important in research?
Why is it essential to check if a study's results are generalizable to another population?
Why is it essential to check if a study's results are generalizable to another population?
What is one of the challenges associated with minimizing bias in research studies?
What is one of the challenges associated with minimizing bias in research studies?
Which tool is commonly used to help in critical appraisal of research studies?
Which tool is commonly used to help in critical appraisal of research studies?
What should researchers look for when critically appraising clinical trials?
What should researchers look for when critically appraising clinical trials?
Why is it important for patients, health workers, and study personnel to be 'blind' to treatment in a clinical trial?
Why is it important for patients, health workers, and study personnel to be 'blind' to treatment in a clinical trial?
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Study Notes
Critical Appraisal of Research
- Critical appraisal is a systematic assessment of research evidence to evaluate its validity, importance, and relevance.
- It involves critical reading and provides a balanced evaluation of a research paper.
Importance of Critical Appraisal
- Critical appraisal helps to distinguish good research from bad, saving time and defending decisions.
- It is essential for evidence-based practice, which involves integrating research evidence with practice knowledge and patient preferences.
Critical Appraisal Process
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- Create a research question.
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- Find the best research evidence to answer the question.
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- Critically appraise relevant papers, looking for validity, impact, and applicability.
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- Integrate evidence with practice knowledge and patient preferences.
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- Evaluate effectiveness and efficiency of the process and apply lessons learned to future decisions.
Bias and Quality in Research
- Bias can be conscious or unconscious and affects the quality of research.
- Differences in population, intervention, and measurement of outcome can also impact the quality of research.
- Sound methodology should minimize bias, but perfection is unlikely.
Critical Appraisal of a Research Paper
- Reflect on the study's methodology, sampling procedures, data analysis, and results.
- Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the study.
- Consider the study's applicability and generalizability to other populations.
Tools for Critical Appraisal
- CASP tools (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme): www.casp-uk.net
- CONSORT: for RCTs
- STROBE: for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional observational studies
- Risk of Bias tools (e.g. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool)
- SIGN methodology checklists (SIGN 50)
Critical Appraisal of a Randomised Controlled Trial
- Determine if the trial addressed a clearly focused issue.
- Evaluate if the assignment of patients to treatments was randomized.
- Check if all patients were properly accounted for at the trial's conclusion.
- Assess if patients, healthcare workers, and study personnel were blinded to treatment.
- Determine if the groups were similar at the start of the trial.
- Evaluate if the groups were treated equally aside from the experimental intervention.
- Calculate the treatment effect and its precision.
- Consider the applicability of the results to the local population.
- Evaluate if the benefits outweigh the harms and costs.
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