Criminology Theories: Conflict and Interactionist Models

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of criminology as defined in the study?

The legal processes involved in criminal justice

The sociological impacts of crime on communities

The historical evolution of laws and regulations

The scientific study of crime and criminal behavior (correct)

Which of the following is a reason why criminology may not always be considered a science?

It does not use quantitative analysis.

It often lacks universal validity and acceptance. (correct)

Its methods are influenced by political perspectives.

It is based solely on case studies.

In what capacity is criminology considered an applied science?

It studies the philosophical implications of ethical crime theories.

It evaluates legal frameworks across different jurisdictions.

It focuses on the economic aspects of crime prevention.

It investigates the underlying causes of crime in society. (correct)

Which fields are applied in criminology for a comprehensive understanding of crime?

Anthropology, psychology, sociology, and natural sciences Signup and view all the answers

Why is criminology classified as a social science?

It views crime as an influence created by societal conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the conflict model primarily attribute crime to?

Social and economic inequality Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the interactionist model's perspective on deviance?

Acts are labeled as deviant based on societal reactions. Signup and view all the answers

According to the conflict model, which of the following is a function of laws in society?

To maintain the dominance of powerful groups Signup and view all the answers

How does the interactionist model explain the process of becoming a deviant?

By being labeled by society, especially by authority figures Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism of the conflict model's view on crime?

It oversimplifies the complex nature of criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of Logomacy?

No law means no crime exists. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes motive from intent in the context of crime?

Motive is the moving power behind the act, whereas intent relates to choosing means. Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially lead to an increase in chaotic behavior in society according to the information presented?

The abolition of criminal laws. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of crime, which factor is crucial for an offender to successfully carry out an act?

Opportunity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the analogy of the Law of the Jungle in relation to societal laws?

It emphasizes how stronger individuals may dominate in an unregulated environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which three elements must be present for crime to occur, according to the triangle of crime?

Motive, Opportunity, and Capability Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an indirect expense associated with crime?

Building window grills Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the destructiveness of crime?

Increased community engagement Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society does the crime rate primarily reflect?

The effectiveness of social safety nets and police systems Signup and view all the answers

How is crime characterized in terms of its societal impact?

Pervasive and affecting various demographics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Criminal Etiology' in criminology?

The examination of the causes of crime. Signup and view all the answers

Which pillar of the Criminal Justice System in the Philippines is responsible for managing the custody of offenders?

Correction Pillar Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Prosecution Pillar in the Criminal Justice System?

To determine if sufficient evidence exists to charge someone. Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Sociology of Law' contribute to the understanding of criminology?

By researching the process of making laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the dynamic nature of criminology?

Criminology evolves based on advancements in various sciences. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant role of the judiciary within the Court Pillar of the Criminal Justice System?

To ensure fair trials and protect individual rights. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Penology division of criminology primarily focus on?

The prevention and treatment of offenders. Signup and view all the answers

Which agency is primarily responsible for maintaining law and order in the Philippines?

Philippine National Police (PNP) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an integrated theory from a general theory?

Integrated theory merges concepts from various sources. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about unicausal theories?

They suggest a singular origin for criminal conduct. Signup and view all the answers

How does the sociological approach contribute to understanding criminal behavior?

By analyzing the impact of social structures and environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of general theories in criminology?

They often fail to explain specific types of crime. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of criminal behavior does the multidisciplinary approach emphasize?

The necessity of considering various influencing factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to criminal behavior?

Cultural background Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between criminal behavior and deviant behavior?

Criminal behavior has legal consequences while deviant behavior does not necessarily. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes human behavior?

A combination of psychological, biological, and environmental influences. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is commonly associated with research into deviant behavior?

Socialization processes Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for criminologists when studying criminal and deviant behavior?

Understanding the multifaceted causes behind behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What factor does not significantly contribute to criminal behavior according to the established risk factors?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between criminality and delinquency?

Criminality is proven in court, whereas delinquency refers to actions not necessarily proven. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the community play in the criminal justice system?

It supports offender reintegration and crime prevention efforts. Signup and view all the answers

From which perspective is a person considered a criminal as soon as they violate a law?

Criminology Perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes due process?

It ensures that every individual receives a fair trial. Signup and view all the answers

How does deviance differ from delinquency?

Delinquency specifically concerns criminal acts committed by minors. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the moral definition of criminal behavior?

It involves actions that benefit offenders but harm other members of society. Signup and view all the answers

The etiology of crime seeks to identify which of the following factors?

Social, psychological, economic, and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by social control in the context of deviance?

The enforcement of social norms through mechanisms like laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the concept of deviance?

An individual painting graffiti in a public space. Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the rule of law uphold within the criminal justice system?

It governs actions and decisions by established laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines juvenile delinquency?

Unlawful acts committed by minors that breach the law. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of deviance and delinquency important?

To understand behaviors and effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is emphasized in Retributive Theory regarding punishment?

Punishment should be proportional to the harm caused. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements are necessary for crime to occur according to Routine Activity Theory?

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. Signup and view all the answers

In Classical Criminology, what is considered necessary for deterring crime?

Punishments must be swift, certain, and proportionate. Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption does Rational Choice Theory make about criminals?

Criminals make calculated decisions based on perceived risks and rewards. Signup and view all the answers

How does Utilitarian Theory view the role of law and punishment?

As tools to maximize overall happiness for the greatest number. Signup and view all the answers

Which scholar is most closely associated with the principles of Classical Criminology?

Cesare Beccaria. Signup and view all the answers

What does Deterrence Theory suggest about the effectiveness of punishment?

Punishment must be certain, swift, and severe to deter criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Demonology Theory from other criminological theories?

It attributes crime to demonic possession and supernatural forces. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conflict Model

Views crime as a product of social and economic inequality
Argues society is composed of groups with differing interests leading to competition and conflict
Those in power use the law and criminal justice system to control and oppress less powerful groups
Crime is a product of tensions and struggles between these groups
Laws often reflect interests of the powerful rather than a consensus

Interactionist Model

Also known as labeling theory
Focuses on social interactions and meanings that influence behavior
Crime and deviance are not inherent characteristics of an act but are defined by society's reactions to those behaviors
Individuals become deviant when labeled as such by others, particularly those in authority
The label influences their identity and actions

Criminology

The study of crime
Scientific study of crime and criminals, focusing on their behaviors
Objectives:
- Develop general principles about law, crime, and crime prevention/treatment
- Study criminal behavior, including motivating factors
Not always considered a science due to lack of universal validity and acceptance
Often varies regionally
Can be classified as a science due to focus on understanding social phenomena systematically and objectively

Criminology as an Applied Science

Applies other fields such as:
- Anthropology
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Natural Sciences
- Chemistry
- Medicine
- Physics
- Mathematics
- Ballistics
- Polygraphy
- Legal Medicine
- Questioned Document Examination

Crime is a social phenomenon created and influenced by societies
The study of crime is part of social science
Criminology is dynamic and changes with advancements in other sciences
It is nationalistic and the study of crime is relative to the laws of a particular country

Principal Divisions of Criminology (By Edwin Sutherland)

Sociology of Law (Making of Laws): Studies the development of criminal laws as formal social control
Criminal Etiology (Breaking of Laws): Examines the causes of crime
Penology (Reacting toward breaking laws): Focuses on the control, prevention, and treatment of offenders, particularly youth offenders

Criminal Justice System (Philippines)

Framework for upholding the rule of law, protecting rights, and delivering justice
Composed of five pillars: Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Court, Correction, Community

Law Enforcement Pillar

Agencies include the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
Functions include:
- Maintaining order
- Preventing crime
- Apprehending offenders
- Investigating crimes
- Gathering evidence
- Arresting suspects

Prosecution Pillar

Led by the Department of Justice (DOJ)
Determines if sufficient evidence exists to charge someone with a crime
Prosecutors represent the state in court, presenting evidence proving the accused's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt

Court Pillar

Interprets and applies the law in the Philippines
Includes various courts:
- Supreme Court
- Court of Appeals
- Regional Trial Courts
- Lower courts
Ensures fair trials, protects rights, and serves justice

Correction Pillar

Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) and other correctional institutions manage the custody, rehabilitation, and reintegration of offenders
Oversees:
- Prisons
- Jails
- Rehabilitation centers
Facilitates opportunities for reform for convicted individuals

Community Pillar

Plays a crucial role in supporting the reintegration of offenders, participating in crime prevention efforts, and upholding societal norms
NGOs, religious groups, and local communities collaborate with the government to prevent crime and help rehabilitate offenders

Key Principles

Due Process: Ensures every individual receives a fair trial and their rights are protected throughout the legal process
Rule of Law: All actions and decisions within the system are governed by established legal principles and laws

When does Crime Exist?

An act or omission is alleged as a crime or offense and filed in court (either through information or complaint)
The court decides the act or omission violated a criminal law

Why does Crime Exist?

Due to the existence of law
Logomacy states "there is no crime if there is no law punishing it"
Eliminating crime requires abolishing criminal law, but this leads to chaos
Without law, the "Law of the Jungle" prevails (Survival of the Fittest, Matira ang Matibay)

Elements of Crime

Motive (M): Moving power that compels someone to act for a specific result (different from intent)
- Important only if felon's identity has not been clearly established
Opportunity (O): Chance or time given to the offender to commit a crime

Crime is Pervasive

Affects nearly everyone in a society, regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, religion, financial status, or education

Crime is Expensive

Government and private sector spend on crime detection, prosecution, correction, and prevention
Direct Expenses: Costs associated with police, security guards, judiciary, and prison system
Indirect Expenses: Costs associated with preventing crime (window grills, fences, gates, locks, safety vaults, etc.)

Crime is Destructive

Results in the loss of human life (murder, homicide) and the destruction or theft of property (robbery, theft, arson)
Loss of human life is the highest price one can pay

Crime is Reflective

The crime rate reflects the effectiveness of the social safety net, especially the police and related systems in place
People are more likely to be a victim of crime if they live in a high-crime area

Criminal Behavior

Actions that violate societal laws and are subject to legal consequences
Influenced by individual traits (personality disorders, mental illness) and external factors (peer pressure, poverty, lack of education)

Deviant Behavior

Actions that violate social norms but not necessarily laws
Researchers investigate why individuals or groups engage in activities deemed inappropriate by society
Factors include:
- Cultural background
- Socialization processes
- Presence of subcultures

Human Behavior

Encompasses the full spectrum of actions and mannerisms displayed by individuals
Understanding it involves exploring various influences:
- Psychological
- Biological
- Environmental Factors
These factors shape how people act, including moral and ethical decision-making
Criminologists use these insights to identify the root causes of criminal and deviant acts
Understanding these insights is crucial to creating effective prevention and intervention strategies

Crime and Criminal Behavior

Crime is progressive: Increases in volume due to population growth and the development of advanced criminal techniques
Crime is related to the development of technology
It is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors, such as:
- Social conditions
- Economic factors
- Psychological influences

Who is a Criminal?

Legal Sense: Someone found guilty of a wrongful act during standard legal proceedings (requires a verdict of guilt)
Criminology Perspective: Someone who violates a law, even without a formal conviction

What is the Legal Definition of Criminal Behavior?

A violation of criminal law
Any action prohibited by the state and punishable by law

What is the Moral Definition of Criminal Behavior?

An action that benefits the perpetrator but harms others
It is antisocial behavior

Top Risk Factors for Criminal Behavior

Family issues
Mental illness
Peer pressure
Socioeconomic status

Criminality and Delinquency

Criminality: Breaking penal or criminal laws (illegal, immoral, or deviant)
Delinquency: Illegal, immoral, or deviant behavior concerning societal values
Criminality is reserved for people found guilty in court, while delinquency describes actions in violation of societal norms but not necessarily proven in a court

Etiology of Crime

The study of the origins and causes of criminal behavior
Aims to identify social, psychological, economic, and environmental factors that lead to crime
Theories span biological predispositions, psychological conditions, and the influence of societal structures

Explaining Scope of Theory

General Theory: Attempts to explain all (or most) forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach
Unicausal Theory: Posits only one source for all that they attempt to explain
Integrated Theory: Provides an explanatory perspective that merges (or attempts to merge) concepts drawn from different sources

Sociological Approach

Focuses on the social environment and structures that influence individuals' behavior
Emphasizes how factors such as family, peers, education, socioeconomic status, and community impact criminal behavior

Key Theories

Demonology Theory

Crime and deviant behavior are the results of demonic possession or influence by evil spirits
Rooted in early religious and cultural beliefs
Not sociological, psychological, or biological as it is based on supernatural beliefs

Classical Criminology Theory

Individuals have free will and make rational choices
People commit crimes after weighing the costs and benefits
Advocates for punishment that is proportionate, swift, and certain to deter crime
Contributors:
- Cesare Beccaria (Essay on Crimes and Punishments, 1764)
- Jeremy Bentham (Utilitarianism)

Rational Choice Theory

Individuals make calculated decisions to commit crimes based on the perceived risks and rewards
Criminals are seen as rational actors who seek to maximize their benefit
Contributors:
- Gary Becker (Economic Approach to Human Behavior)
- Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke (The Reasoning Criminal, 1986)

Utilitarian Theory

The best action or policy is one that maximizes overall happiness or utility
Supports the idea of punishment and law as tools to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number
Contributors:
- Jeremy Bentham (Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789)

Retributive Theory

Punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed
Based on the principle of "just deserts," meaning offenders deserve to be punished because they have committed a moral wrong
Rooted in ancient legal and moral philosophy
Contributors:
- Immanuel Kant (Philosophy of Law)

Routine Activity Theory

Crime occurs when three elements converge:
- A motivated offender
- A suitable target
- The absence of a capable guardian
Crime is seen as a normal function of the routine activities of everyday life
Contributors:
- Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson (Social Change and Crime Rate Trends, 1979)

Deterrence Theory

Individuals are deterred from committing crimes if they perceive the consequences (such as punishment) as certain, swift, and severe enough to outweigh the benefits of the crime
Contributors:
- Cesare Beccaria (Classical Criminology)
- Jeremy Bentham

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Description

Explore key criminological theories including the Conflict Model and the Interactionist Model, also known as labeling theory. Understand how social and economic inequalities shape crime and how society's reactions define deviance. This quiz will test your knowledge on the dynamics between power, law, and social interactions in criminology.