Criminology Theories and Crime Prevention

<p>By shifting the focus from individual motivations to situational factors and opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are a product of both the number of offenders and their frequency of offending. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that changing situational opportunities can substantially impact crime rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals and communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A variation among criminals in offending frequency, and the importance of situational context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the routines of offenders, victims, guardians, handlers, or managers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time period between any crimes committed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Places (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The replacement of manual elevators with automatic elevators and the layoff of elevator operators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of years between the first and last crime. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pure chance or changes in routines affecting offenders, victims, guardians, handlers or managers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide insights into understanding criminal careers of places. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing place management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handlers, like parents or coaches, exert influence over potential offenders, discouraging them from committing crimes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influencing the behavior of individuals within specific locations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians, handlers, or managers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine the spatial distribution of crime and identify high-crime areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a more detailed understanding of the complex variation in the criminal careers of places. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A security guard detaining someone suspected of shoplifting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organizing community events and activities to increase legitimate usage of the park and encourage informal social control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase the number of security cameras and hire additional security personnel during peak hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They structure offender choices, making some crimes easier to commit than others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestic calls and residential burglaries were highly correlated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% are found on the busiest boulevards in town, which also have the most bars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explains that domestic violence is concentrated in residences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor guardianship, absent handlers, and inadequate management. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal cohort studies tracking changes over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How much change in guardianship is needed to reduce crime frequency and why some parking lots experience more vandalism than others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Place features can enhance the ability of offenders to commit some crimes more than others, leading to crime specialization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crime arises from the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A careful calculation of the potential costs and benefits of the action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing specific locations where crime is concentrated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves implementing targeted interventions to reduce opportunities for crime in specific locations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing the suitability of targets involves making them less attractive or accessible to offenders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capable guardians can be anyone or anything that effectively deters offenders from committing a crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The historical crime data showing patterns of repeated offenses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing street lighting to deter burglaries in a neighborhood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By helping to identify points of intervention to disrupt criminal activity within a specific geographic area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By redesigning store layouts to reduce concealed areas and improve visibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focusing on crime hot spots allows for targeted interventions to address environmental factors contributing to crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would likely decrease crime rates by increasing the presence of capable guardians and reducing the number of suitable targets in public spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Installing brighter streetlights and CCTV cameras in the specific hot spot location. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the possibility that crime reduction efforts in a hot spot may also reduce crime in surrounding areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeat victimization occurs because offenders rationally target the same victims or locations that have previously proven to be vulnerable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to displacement of crime to other areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Future crime is more predictable by location than offender identity.

Criminology traditionally analyzes individuals and communities to explain crime.

Merton's theory suggesting crime rates vary based on societal norms and conditions.

Shaw and McKay’s view that neighborhoods influence crime rates.

Criminal behavior varies greatly among individuals in frequency and seriousness.

Clarke's approach that alters situations to reduce crime opportunities.

The traditional focus on dividing people into criminals and non-criminals.

The crime rate is influenced by the number of offenders and their offense frequency.

The total number of years from first to last crime committed by an individual.

The average time period between any crimes committed at all.

Categories of crimes an individual engages in and the level of specialization.

The statistical analysis of variations in types of crimes committed by individuals.

The initial occurrence of crime in a specific geographic area.

A theory explaining how variations in crime occur based on activities and situations.

Alterations in how a location is supervised or managed, impacting crime rates.

A real-world illustration of crime onset, such as the robbery in an elevator after a management change.

Individuals in offenders' lives who prevent deviant behavior.

Theory explaining how crime occurs based on daily activities.

Individuals who protect potential crime targets.

People who manage locations and regulate users' behavior.

Model showing the interaction of offenders, targets, and controllers.

Alters the risk of crime based on the environment's shifts.

Factors that define the nature of criminal behavior over time.

Used routine activities to analyze societal crime rates.

A theory asserting that offenders make choices based on the circumstances of a situation.

The tendency for certain places to experience specific types of crime due to situational factors.

The relationship between different types of crimes occurring in the same place.

Specific areas where occurrences of robbery are significantly higher, often due to environmental factors.

Victims or objects that are conducive to being victimized or stolen.

The presence of factors or individuals that can prevent crime by monitoring or deterring potential offenders.

Research studies that observe the same subjects over a long period to identify patterns and changes.

The act of avoiding payment for transportation in systems like the Underground.

A system that automates the process of purchasing and validating tickets for public transport.

The theory that criminals weigh benefits against costs before committing a crime.

The phenomenon where victims of crime experience further victimization over time.

Approaches designed to reduce opportunities for crime in specific environments.

The analysis of crime patterns based on locations and environments.

A policing strategy that focuses on solving specific crime problems rather than just responding to incidents.

Geographical areas where crime incidents are concentrated.

Areas where drug-related activities increase crime rates.

Link between alcohol environments and increased aggression.

Specific examples of strategies used to prevent crime in certain situations.

Patterns of crime occurrences in urban areas based on geography.

Influence of social structure on crime rates as suggested by Merton.

Insights into police strategies and tactics based on criminal behavior.