Criminology Chapter 14: Public Order Crime
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Questions and Answers

What are public order crimes?

  • Acts that promote societal well-being.
  • Acts that destroy property.
  • Violations with identifiable victims.
  • Acts considered illegal due to societal threats. (correct)

    • What defines victimless crimes?

    Violations of the criminal law without identifiable individual victims.

    What is social harm?

    Behaviors harmful to others and society that must be controlled.

    All acts that cause social harm are illegal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do moral crusaders typically target?

    <p>Public order crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What roles do vigilantes take in society?

    <p>They enforce their own standards of morality without legal authorization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the debate over morality throughout history?

    <p>It influences laws regarding behaviors perceived as immoral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is part of the price of society, as it binds members together.

    <p>common morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of social harm, should laws reflect societal beliefs about acceptable behaviors?

    <p>Yes, they should reflect societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by moral entrepreneurs?

    <p>Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order to promote their own personal set of moral values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are moral crusades designed to do?

    <p>Publicize the differences between morally acceptable behaviors and those considered deviant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which series topped the list of challenged books between 2000 and 2009?

    <p>Harry Potter Series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant legal achievement of the Defense of Marriage Act?

    <p>Defining marriage as a union of one man and one woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pedophilia?

    <p>A psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with an underage minor child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to widespread media coverage of child abuse in the Roman Catholic Church in 2002?

    <p>The Boston Globe's Spotlight Team investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term prostitution derives from the Latin word ______, which means 'to cause to stand in front of.'

    <p>prostituere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common punishment for those convicted of sexual crimes against children?

    <p>Life imprisonment or severe penalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a paraphilia?

    <p>Exhibitionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much drug use is there today?

    <p>The use of mood-altering substances persists in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does binge drinking refer to?

    <p>Having five or more drinks on the same occasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the temperance movement?

    <p>To prohibit the sale of liquor in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anomic theory fail to explain?

    <p>Cocaine use by successful individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of underage individuals were current alcohol users in 2014?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who condoned prostitution?

    <p>Thomas Aquinas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of substance abuse in the United States?

    <p>$700 billion per year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostitution was officially condemned during the Reformation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that can lead to substance abuse?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jane Addams describe in her book A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil?

    <p>Accounts of victims of white slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimate about the costs of alcohol to society?

    <p>$224 billion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The federal Mann Act (1925) is often called the __________.

    <p>white slave act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that contributed to the decline in prostitution arrests?

    <p>Sexual revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'e hooking' refer to?

    <p>Using the internet to advertise sexual services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is prostitution legal and regulated by the government?

    <p>Hungary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streetwalkers are considered the least attractive and lowest paid in the profession.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a madam?

    <p>A woman who employs prostitutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostitutes who trade sex for drugs are called __________.

    <p>skeezers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for young people becoming involved in prostitution?

    <p>Substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to young people getting involved in prostitution?

    <p>Extensive histories of substance abuse, health problems, PTSD, social stigmatization, and isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls directed toward prostitution due to childhood sexual abuse are likely to become revictimized as adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances do many sex workers commonly struggle with?

    <p>Crack cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some reasons children become involved in prostitution?

    <p>They may flee abusive homes, become vulnerable on the streets, or be exploited by traffickers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential outcomes for children involved in pornography?

    <p>Permanent physical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal penalties exist for prostitution in the United States?

    <p>Misdemeanor fines or short jail sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostitution is completely legal in all states of the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obscenity defined as?

    <p>Deeply offensive to morality or decency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pornography' refer to?

    <p>Sexually explicit books, magazines, films, or tapes intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern about children involved in child pornography?

    <p>They may develop psychological problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viewing pornography has a direct, causal relationship with sexual violence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does exposure to violent pornography have on men predisposed to violence?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of sexual aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The First Amendment protects free speech, but not _____ material.

    <p>obscene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some positions feminists have regarding prostitution?

    <p>Some believe in emancipation from male oppression, while others view it as a means of equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are guidelines for determining obscenity under the Miller doctrine? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Appeals to prurient interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Miller doctrine allows for a plebiscite to be held to determine community attitudes toward obscenity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered as 'kiddie porn' in legal terms?

    <p>Materials depicting minors engaged in actual or simulated sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Act outlawed sexually related material that used or appeared to use children under 18 engaging in sexual conduct?

    <p>Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Possessing virtual kiddie porn is illegal under the CPPA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Acts with their significance:

    <p>Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 = Outlaws the use of children in sexual materials PROTECT Act of 2003 = Outlaws virtual kiddie porn that resembles real children United States v. Williams = Affirmed that intent to sell child pornography can lead to conviction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary recommendation of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography in 1986?

    <p>To treat the prosecution of obscene materials that portray sexual violence as a matter of special urgency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High exposure to pornography can convert non-aggressive men into sexual predators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the temperance movement, the sale of ______ was prohibited.

    <p>alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some driving forces behind early drug laws in the U.S.?

    <p>Moral crusaders and prejudice against ethnic minorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919?

    <p>Prohibition of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Public Order Crimes

    • Public order crimes threaten societal well-being and moral principles, including prostitution, drug use, and pornography sales.
    • These crimes interfere with societal operations and challenge accepted norms, distinguishing them from common-law crimes like rape or robbery.
    • Laws uphold public order by prohibiting morally questionable goods and services, reflecting social norms and values, leading to societal ambivalence.

    Victimless Crimes

    • Defined as violations of law without identifiable individuals who suffer damage as a result.

    Social Harm

    • Behaviors perceived as harmful to individuals or society must be controlled; illegal acts often include behaviors deemed socially harmful.
    • Legal yet highly harmful activities can include tobacco and alcohol consumption, which cause significant health issues.
    • There’s a distinction between immoral acts and crimes; many immoral acts, such as pride or envy, are not criminalized despite their social implications.

    Law and Morality

    • Political and moral issues complicate legislation, as many individuals view acts like prostitution or drug use as socially acceptable.
    • High-profile cases illustrate the tension between personal morality and public law, with individuals facing repercussions despite a lack of clear victims.

    Debating Morality

    • The ongoing discourse on morality dates back to biblical times with sentiments expressed over the punishment of immoral acts.
    • Criminal law serves to reflect collective societal revulsion toward certain acts, regardless of their danger level.
    • Legal scholars emphasize the importance of shared morals for societal cohesion, cautioning against majority rule infringing on individual freedoms.

    Moral Crusades and Crusaders

    • Historical vigilance committees aimed to combat crime and moral decay.
    • Moral crusaders, or "crusaders," seek to shape laws based on their moral beliefs, often engaging in public campaigns against perceived immorality.
    • Previous campaigns, like those led by Harry Anslinger against marijuana, led to the criminalization of behaviors previously tolerated.

    Vigilantes

    • Individuals who take it upon themselves to enact moral judgment without legal authority.
    • Their actions are often fueled by a belief that they are restoring moral order.

    Moral Entrepreneurs

    • Interest groups aiming to influence social life and legal frameworks to reflect their moral values.
    • Their efforts can often reshape societal definitions of acceptable behavior.

    Moral Crusades Today

    • Contemporary moral crusades highlight distinctions between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors according to societal norms.
    • Campaigns can lead to controversy, especially when targeting behaviors even the majority engage in, highlighting the subjective nature of morality.
    • Specific campaigns have targeted challenged literature in schools, reflecting ongoing moral debates in society.### Same-Sex Marriage Crusade
    • Historical sodomy laws classified consensual homosexual relations as felonies, igniting a moral crusade over the legality and acceptance of the gay lifestyle.
    • Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) upheld states' rights to criminalize homosexual acts, stating no constitutional protection for these behaviors.
    • The Defense of Marriage Act (1996) defined marriage federally as between one man and one woman, representing a significant legal victory for opposition against gay rights.
    • Lawrence et al. v. Texas (2003) overturned prohibitions against non-heterosexual sex, declaring it unconstitutional to criminalize such conduct.
    • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ruled state bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, reinforcing the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.
    • Advocates argue that legal same-sex marriage may lead to challenges regarding polygamy and underage marriages, raising questions on law’s role in morality.
    • Public order crimes include deviant sexual practices and controlled substances, reflecting societal anxieties over behavior deemed immoral.

    Abortion Violence

    • Some anti-abortion activists justify violent actions by claiming they are safeguarding society from moral decay.
    • Notable cases:
      • Phillip Garrido kidnapped Jaycee Lee Dugard, held her captive for 18 years, faced 431 years in prison.
      • Polly Klaas was kidnapped and murdered by Richard Allen Davis, currently on death row in California.
      • Elizabeth Smart was abducted for nine months by Brian David Mitchell, sentenced to life after being deemed fit for trial.
      • Ariel Castro held three women captive and was sentenced to life without parole after pleading guilty to multiple charges related to their abuse.
    • Statistics show approximately 100 children are abducted by strangers annually, with many more subjected to sexual exploitation.

    Paraphilias

    • Defined as atypical sexual urges focusing on:
      • Nonhuman objects (e.g., fetishism).
      • Humiliation or pain (sadomasochism).
      • Minors or non-consenting individuals (pedophilia).
    • Paraphilias can be legal if they do not harm others; however, involving unwilling or underage partners results in criminal penalties.

    Gender and Crime

    • Certain crimes disproportionately affect women, such as rape and trafficking.
    • Historical and cultural narratives reinforced women’s subordination through societal structures and expectations.

    Pedophilia

    • Described as an attraction by adults or older adolescents to prepubescent children; linked to various psychological and neurological theories.
    • Notable case: John Evander Couey kidnapped and murdered 9-year-old Jessica Lunsford, leading to enhanced laws for sex offender tracking and penalties in Florida.
    • Research suggests genetic and environmental factors might be involved in pedophilia, with high rates among males.

    Church Scandal

    • The Boston Globe revealed widespread child abuse by Catholic priests in 2002, inciting public outrage and prompting investigations.
    • Fr. James Porter, one notorious abuser, was convicted of molesting numerous children and received a lengthy prison sentence.
    • The scandal prompted resignations of clerics, financial settlements, and calls for new policies on abuse.
    • Pope John Paul II and later Pope Francis addressed the crisis, condemning abuse as both a sin and a crime.

    Prostitution

    • Defined as exchanging sexual access for remuneration, with a history tracing back to ancient practices in Mesopotamia and Greece.
    • The term originates from Latin "prostituere," indicating the act of offering one’s body for sale.
    • In modern contexts, prostitution has evolved under various societal attitudes ranging from acceptance to criminalization.
    • Legal and social dynamics of prostitution continue to prompt debates on morality and regulation.

    Prostitution Today

    • Modern definitions have evolved, encompassing all genders and sexual orientations in sex work.
    • Key features of commercial sexual transactions include:
      • Activities hold sexual significance for clients.
      • Economic exchange involved, not limited to money.
      • Emotional detachment characterizes the interaction as a transactional relationship.### Incidence of Prostitution
    • About 47,000 prostitution arrests occur annually in the U.S., with a male to female ratio of 1:2.
    • Arrests have decreased from 97,000 in 1995, attributed to shifts in societal attitudes following the sexual revolution and increased awareness of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
    • Despite declining arrests, major cities continue to experience vibrant underground prostitution activities.

    Ehooking

    • Ehooking refers to using the internet to advertise and arrange sexual services.
    • This method has contributed to a resurgence in the sex-for-hire industry, providing anonymity and reducing the risk of arrest.

    Prostitution in Other Cultures

    • Prostitution exists globally, with sex trafficking being a significant concern for transnational criminals.
    • In countries like Germany, prostitution is legal and regulated; since 2002, it has permitted sex workers to obtain contracts and health benefits.
    • The introduction of a sex tax in Cologne generates substantial revenue, estimated over a million dollars annually.
    • In contrast, certain Islamic nations impose severe penalties, including death, for prostitution.
    • Child prostitution is prevalent in sex tourism, especially in low-income countries like Thailand, leading to international efforts to combat child sexual exploitation.

    Types of Prostitutes

    • Streetwalkers, often glamorized in media, are the most vulnerable and least paid, typically from impoverished backgrounds and often young runaways.
    • Bar girls (B-girls) work in bars frequented by transient populations, often relying on manipulated drink prices.
    • Brothel prostitutes operate out of establishments run by madams, while call girls maintain a more upscale clientele through private arrangements.
    • Circuit travelers service itinerant labor camps, while skeezers exchange sex for drugs, facing significant social and psychological challenges.

    Madam and Brothel Definitions

    • A madam oversees the prostitutes in a brothel, taking a percentage of their earnings and handling business logistics.
    • Brothels, typically modified residential spaces, provide sexual services managed by a madam.

    Reasons for Prostitution Involvement

    • Many individuals entering prostitution come from dysfunctional, troubled homes and often have histories of sexual abuse and trauma.
    • Young sex workers frequently lack educational qualifications, exacerbating their vulnerability to exploitation.
    • Sex work may continue due to limited life options, compounding issues like substance abuse and mental health challenges.

    Child Prostitution

    • Historically ingrained in societies, child prostitution is linked to early sexual trauma and exploitation experiences.
    • Thousands of children are exploited annually, often beginning from sexual abuse by familiar figures.
    • Many children turn to prostitution as a means of survival, following abusive home life to the streets.

    Controlling Prostitution

    • Prostitution is typically classified as a misdemeanor, leading to fines rather than significant jail time.
    • Law enforcement approaches vary, with some agencies focusing on high-visibility patrols and undercover operations aimed at curbing prostitution in specific city areas.
    • The Mann Act (1925) and modern laws prohibit transporting individuals for sexual exploitation, while recent legislation targets international sex tourism involving minors.

    Legalizing Prostitution Debate

    • Some research illustrates prostitution as a rational economic choice, particularly among students facing financial burdens.
    • Changing attitudes toward sex work are gradually reducing stigma and prompting discussions on legalization and regulation, contrasting with strict prohibitions in certain cultures.
    • Examples include regulatory frameworks in Australia and taxation systems in the Netherlands, promoting a structured approach to sex work.

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    This quiz covers Chapter 14 of Criminology, focusing on public order crimes such as sex and substance abuse. Understand the concept of public order crimes and how they impact society. Engage with key terms and definitions to enhance your knowledge of this area in criminology.

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