Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes criminal behavior as defined in the provided content?
Which of the following best describes criminal behavior as defined in the provided content?
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What aspect of crime definition makes it a social and political process?
What aspect of crime definition makes it a social and political process?
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What is a key element of the consensus theory of crime?
What is a key element of the consensus theory of crime?
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According to the content provided, what is a central tenet of the conflict theory of crime?
According to the content provided, what is a central tenet of the conflict theory of crime?
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Based on the information given, why is the social construction of crime important to understand?
Based on the information given, why is the social construction of crime important to understand?
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What is a core component of the definition of 'violence' as described in the text?
What is a core component of the definition of 'violence' as described in the text?
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The provided content indicates that stalking was not considered a crime until which year?
The provided content indicates that stalking was not considered a crime until which year?
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What differentiates between physical violence and other forms of violence?
What differentiates between physical violence and other forms of violence?
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What was the primary method used to introduce malware into Target's systems during the 2013 data breach?
What was the primary method used to introduce malware into Target's systems during the 2013 data breach?
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Which role in cybercrime involves converting digitally stolen funds into physical cash?
Which role in cybercrime involves converting digitally stolen funds into physical cash?
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Why do organizations often conceal data breaches?
Why do organizations often conceal data breaches?
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According to the information, how does cybercrime differ from traditional crime?
According to the information, how does cybercrime differ from traditional crime?
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What does the term 'age-crime curve' refer to?
What does the term 'age-crime curve' refer to?
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What is the primary function of a 'control group' in a research study?
What is the primary function of a 'control group' in a research study?
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What is the main tenet of the 'conflict theory of crime'?
What is the main tenet of the 'conflict theory of crime'?
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What is the defining characteristic of 'criminal behavior'?
What is the defining characteristic of 'criminal behavior'?
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What is ‘causal inference’ as a concept, in the context of experiments?
What is ‘causal inference’ as a concept, in the context of experiments?
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What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis in research?
What is the primary purpose of a meta-analysis in research?
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What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?
What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?
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What type of research design involves repeated observations of the same participants over an extended period?
What type of research design involves repeated observations of the same participants over an extended period?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'social construction of crime'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'social construction of crime'?
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A researcher is investigating the effect of a new therapy on reducing violent behavior, but they also notice that some participants are also attending a local anger management course. In this study, the anger management course participation best represents what?
A researcher is investigating the effect of a new therapy on reducing violent behavior, but they also notice that some participants are also attending a local anger management course. In this study, the anger management course participation best represents what?
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A research question is investigating if there is variability in violent tendencies in identical twin pairs. Which research type would best suit this study?
A research question is investigating if there is variability in violent tendencies in identical twin pairs. Which research type would best suit this study?
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A criminologist is examining how societal norms and policies contribute to crime rates in large cities. This type of analysis best aligns with which type of theory?
A criminologist is examining how societal norms and policies contribute to crime rates in large cities. This type of analysis best aligns with which type of theory?
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What is the critical distinction between 'physical violence' and 'violence' as defined in the content?
What is the critical distinction between 'physical violence' and 'violence' as defined in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT a common factor used to differentiate forms of violence?
Which of the following is NOT a common factor used to differentiate forms of violence?
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What is the primary characteristic of instrumental violence?
What is the primary characteristic of instrumental violence?
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Which type of violence is characterized by a spontaneous response to frustration or insults?
Which type of violence is characterized by a spontaneous response to frustration or insults?
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What is the primary purpose of theories of crime?
What is the primary purpose of theories of crime?
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What do inter-individual differences refer to in the context of criminal behavior?
What do inter-individual differences refer to in the context of criminal behavior?
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What does the term 'age-crime curve' describe?
What does the term 'age-crime curve' describe?
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Which of the following research methods provides an in-depth examination of a single individual?
Which of the following research methods provides an in-depth examination of a single individual?
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What is the primary goal of instrumental violence?
What is the primary goal of instrumental violence?
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What is a limitation of descriptive research designs in understanding criminal behavior?
What is a limitation of descriptive research designs in understanding criminal behavior?
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Which perspective in criminology emphasizes the influence of social groups on criminal behavior?
Which perspective in criminology emphasizes the influence of social groups on criminal behavior?
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What is a key challenge in correlational research designs?
What is a key challenge in correlational research designs?
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What is a key characteristic of a scientific theory?
What is a key characteristic of a scientific theory?
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What does 'random assignment' aim to achieve in experimental designs?
What does 'random assignment' aim to achieve in experimental designs?
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In an experiment, what is the purpose of the control group?
In an experiment, what is the purpose of the control group?
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Which research design allows for inferences about causation?
Which research design allows for inferences about causation?
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What is 'causal inference' in the context of experimental designs?
What is 'causal inference' in the context of experimental designs?
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According to the Social Problems perspective, where does the root cause of crime lie?
According to the Social Problems perspective, where does the root cause of crime lie?
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Which of the following is NOT a key principle of the Social Responsibility perspective of crime?
Which of the following is NOT a key principle of the Social Responsibility perspective of crime?
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Why are quasi-experimental designs often used when researching criminal behavior?
Why are quasi-experimental designs often used when researching criminal behavior?
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What is a key factor in the dynamic model of criminal behavior?
What is a key factor in the dynamic model of criminal behavior?
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What is the purpose of meta-analysis in research?
What is the purpose of meta-analysis in research?
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How is criminal behavior defined?
How is criminal behavior defined?
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Which biological factor is NOT listed as linked to criminality?
Which biological factor is NOT listed as linked to criminality?
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What is a notable demographic factor related to crime?
What is a notable demographic factor related to crime?
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What is a common psychological factor contributing to criminal behavior?
What is a common psychological factor contributing to criminal behavior?
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According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, how is criminal behavior learned?
According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, how is criminal behavior learned?
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What is one of the primary purposes of incarceration?
What is one of the primary purposes of incarceration?
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What does the text suggest regarding the effectiveness of prisons in reforming behavior?
What does the text suggest regarding the effectiveness of prisons in reforming behavior?
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What was a key method used by cybercriminals in the Bank Muscat heist?
What was a key method used by cybercriminals in the Bank Muscat heist?
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Why do criminals increasingly favor cybercrime over traditional violent crimes?
Why do criminals increasingly favor cybercrime over traditional violent crimes?
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What is the term for a microscopic structure that contains DNA?
What is the term for a microscopic structure that contains DNA?
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Which field of study focuses on understanding how natural selection influences mental processes and behavior?
Which field of study focuses on understanding how natural selection influences mental processes and behavior?
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What are the alternative forms of a gene called?
What are the alternative forms of a gene called?
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If the concordance rate for a specific trait is 60% in monozygotic twins, what does this imply?
If the concordance rate for a specific trait is 60% in monozygotic twins, what does this imply?
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Which type of twins develops from a single fertilized egg?
Which type of twins develops from a single fertilized egg?
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What is the fundamental assumption of twin studies?
What is the fundamental assumption of twin studies?
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If a trait is described as 'polygenic', what does this mean?
If a trait is described as 'polygenic', what does this mean?
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What are considered the 'blueprints of life'?
What are considered the 'blueprints of life'?
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What is a 'polymorphism'?
What is a 'polymorphism'?
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Which of the following terms refers to the field of study that explores how genetics influences characteristics and behaviors?
Which of the following terms refers to the field of study that explores how genetics influences characteristics and behaviors?
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According to Life History Theory, what primarily influences the optimal allocation of resources?
According to Life History Theory, what primarily influences the optimal allocation of resources?
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What does a high concordance rate in twin studies for criminal behavior suggest?
What does a high concordance rate in twin studies for criminal behavior suggest?
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What are 'shared environments' in the context of twin studies?
What are 'shared environments' in the context of twin studies?
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Which of these statements best explains the role of sexual selection in the context of evolution?
Which of these statements best explains the role of sexual selection in the context of evolution?
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According to the content, which characteristic of an ancestral environment made risk-taking behaviors advantageous?
According to the content, which characteristic of an ancestral environment made risk-taking behaviors advantageous?
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What is the meaning of 'altruism' according to the provided content?
What is the meaning of 'altruism' according to the provided content?
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How does natural selection influence sexual selection?
How does natural selection influence sexual selection?
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How do nonshared environments differ from shared environments in their influence on individuals?
How do nonshared environments differ from shared environments in their influence on individuals?
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Within the context of brain structure and behavior, what is the "limbic system" primarily responsible for?
Within the context of brain structure and behavior, what is the "limbic system" primarily responsible for?
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Lateralization refers to:
Lateralization refers to:
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What is a defining characteristic of "organic brain syndrome"?
What is a defining characteristic of "organic brain syndrome"?
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Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to observe the brain's activity in real-time?
Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to observe the brain's activity in real-time?
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Which brain region is primarily associated with higher-order thinking and executive control functions?
Which brain region is primarily associated with higher-order thinking and executive control functions?
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What is the primary function of the frontal lobes of the brain?
What is the primary function of the frontal lobes of the brain?
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What does "brain plasticity" refer to?
What does "brain plasticity" refer to?
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What is a possible connection between frontal lobe dysfunction and criminal behavior?
What is a possible connection between frontal lobe dysfunction and criminal behavior?
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What is a potential reason why temporal lobe dysfunction might be associated with less violent criminal behavior compared to frontal lobe dysfunction?
What is a potential reason why temporal lobe dysfunction might be associated with less violent criminal behavior compared to frontal lobe dysfunction?
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What is "neuropsychology" primarily concerned with?
What is "neuropsychology" primarily concerned with?
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What is a key role of the "cerebrum" in the brain?
What is a key role of the "cerebrum" in the brain?
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What is the potential link between low autonomic nervous system functioning and criminal behavior?
What is the potential link between low autonomic nervous system functioning and criminal behavior?
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How might "brain plasticity" be relevant to the study of criminal behavior?
How might "brain plasticity" be relevant to the study of criminal behavior?
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Within the context of this content, what is the most likely explanation for why individuals with frontal lobe dysfunction are more likely to engage in serious crimes compared to those with temporal lobe dysfunction?
Within the context of this content, what is the most likely explanation for why individuals with frontal lobe dysfunction are more likely to engage in serious crimes compared to those with temporal lobe dysfunction?
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What is the primary purpose of using neuropsychological tests in the context of criminal behavior?
What is the primary purpose of using neuropsychological tests in the context of criminal behavior?
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Which of the following brain structures is NOT directly linked to aggressive behavior, according to the provided content?
Which of the following brain structures is NOT directly linked to aggressive behavior, according to the provided content?
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Individuals with low autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning are more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
Individuals with low autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning are more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
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According to the content, which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with impulsive aggression?
According to the content, which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with impulsive aggression?
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Which theoretical framework suggests that testosterone levels surge in response to competitive or mating challenges?
Which theoretical framework suggests that testosterone levels surge in response to competitive or mating challenges?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for personality, executive control functions, and has extensive connections to the limbic system?
Which part of the brain is responsible for personality, executive control functions, and has extensive connections to the limbic system?
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What is the primary function of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
What is the primary function of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
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What is the primary area of study for forensic neuropsychologists?
What is the primary area of study for forensic neuropsychologists?
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of individuals with severe frontal lobe damage, according to the content?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of individuals with severe frontal lobe damage, according to the content?
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Which of the following is a potential implication of reduced lateralization in the brain, according to the content?
Which of the following is a potential implication of reduced lateralization in the brain, according to the content?
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Which of the following best reflects the concept of 'Organic Brain Syndrome' (OBS) as defined in the content?
Which of the following best reflects the concept of 'Organic Brain Syndrome' (OBS) as defined in the content?
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What is the primary role of hormones like testosterone and cortisol in relation to aggression?
What is the primary role of hormones like testosterone and cortisol in relation to aggression?
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Which of the following is NOT a brain imaging technology mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a brain imaging technology mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT a key theoretical framework for understanding criminal behavior, according to the content?
Which of the following is NOT a key theoretical framework for understanding criminal behavior, according to the content?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex?
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Which of these is NOT a practical application of understanding the neuropsychological factors related to criminal behavior, as mentioned in the content?
Which of these is NOT a practical application of understanding the neuropsychological factors related to criminal behavior, as mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following best explains the purpose of adoption studies in the context of behavioral genetics?
Which of the following best explains the purpose of adoption studies in the context of behavioral genetics?
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What does the discovery of the MAOA gene's link to antisocial behavior suggest about genetics?
What does the discovery of the MAOA gene's link to antisocial behavior suggest about genetics?
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What is a crucial idea in the concept of polygenic influence on behavior?
What is a crucial idea in the concept of polygenic influence on behavior?
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How do twin studies contradict the idea that genetics alone determine behavior?
How do twin studies contradict the idea that genetics alone determine behavior?
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What is a core idea behind the Diathesis-Stress Model?
What is a core idea behind the Diathesis-Stress Model?
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What does the Differential Susceptibility Model add to our understanding of gene-environment interactions beyond the Diathesis-Stress Model?
What does the Differential Susceptibility Model add to our understanding of gene-environment interactions beyond the Diathesis-Stress Model?
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What does 'survival of the fittest' imply in evolutionary terms?
What does 'survival of the fittest' imply in evolutionary terms?
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What is the main concept behind the 'Cinderella Effect'?
What is the main concept behind the 'Cinderella Effect'?
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What is the primary evolutionary benefit of reciprocal cooperation?
What is the primary evolutionary benefit of reciprocal cooperation?
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According to the content provided, what is the main idea behind alternative strategy theories regarding criminal behavior?
According to the content provided, what is the main idea behind alternative strategy theories regarding criminal behavior?
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What is the focus of conditional adaptation theories of criminal behaviour?
What is the focus of conditional adaptation theories of criminal behaviour?
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How did a man's reputation influence survival and reproductive rates in the ancestral environment, according to the text?
How did a man's reputation influence survival and reproductive rates in the ancestral environment, according to the text?
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What does a lower parental effort, combined with high mating effort, likely result in, according to evolutionary perspective?
What does a lower parental effort, combined with high mating effort, likely result in, according to evolutionary perspective?
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Why, from an evolutionary perspective, might violence be seen as an adaptive response among men in ancestral environments?
Why, from an evolutionary perspective, might violence be seen as an adaptive response among men in ancestral environments?
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What is the significance of present vs. future reproductive efforts in evolutionary psychology?
What is the significance of present vs. future reproductive efforts in evolutionary psychology?
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Which symptom is most closely associated with damage to the frontal lobe?
Which symptom is most closely associated with damage to the frontal lobe?
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What role does the prefrontal cortex primarily serve?
What role does the prefrontal cortex primarily serve?
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Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with pleasure-seeking behaviors?
Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with pleasure-seeking behaviors?
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What is the impact of low levels of cortisol on behavior?
What is the impact of low levels of cortisol on behavior?
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How does elevated testosterone primarily influence behavior?
How does elevated testosterone primarily influence behavior?
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What condition describes recurrent outbursts of uncontrollable rage?
What condition describes recurrent outbursts of uncontrollable rage?
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What is the primary characteristic of individuals showing left-hemisphere dysfunction?
What is the primary characteristic of individuals showing left-hemisphere dysfunction?
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Which structure within the limbic system is primarily responsible for processing emotional memories?
Which structure within the limbic system is primarily responsible for processing emotional memories?
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How do low autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity levels affect violent offenders?
How do low autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity levels affect violent offenders?
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What does hemispheric lateralization refer to?
What does hemispheric lateralization refer to?
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How is emotional regulation primarily achieved in the limbic system?
How is emotional regulation primarily achieved in the limbic system?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of poor verbal intelligence in juvenile delinquents?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of poor verbal intelligence in juvenile delinquents?
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What is the role of norepinephrine in behavior?
What is the role of norepinephrine in behavior?
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What impact does insufficient functioning of the Violence Inhibition Mechanism (VIM) have on individuals?
What impact does insufficient functioning of the Violence Inhibition Mechanism (VIM) have on individuals?
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What role does the amygdala play in response to anxiety?
What role does the amygdala play in response to anxiety?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure-seeking actions and aggression?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure-seeking actions and aggression?
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Which brain structure is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions like decision-making and planning?
Which brain structure is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions like decision-making and planning?
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What does low serotonin levels typically lead to in individuals?
What does low serotonin levels typically lead to in individuals?
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What is the challenge hypothesis related to?
What is the challenge hypothesis related to?
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What phenomenon is characterized by rapid, unpredictable changes in mood or emotional expressions?
What phenomenon is characterized by rapid, unpredictable changes in mood or emotional expressions?
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What is the main function of cortisol in the body?
What is the main function of cortisol in the body?
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What describes the biological system that activates behaviors in response to rewards?
What describes the biological system that activates behaviors in response to rewards?
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What is the primary characteristic of episodic dyscontrol syndrome?
What is the primary characteristic of episodic dyscontrol syndrome?
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What defines the term 'lateralization' in the context of brain functions?
What defines the term 'lateralization' in the context of brain functions?
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What syndrome is characterized by an inability to control emotional responses?
What syndrome is characterized by an inability to control emotional responses?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain?
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What impact does testosterone have on aggression according to the content?
What impact does testosterone have on aggression according to the content?
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What role does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play in regulating behavior?
What role does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play in regulating behavior?
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What does low cortisol levels potentially lead to regarding aggression?
What does low cortisol levels potentially lead to regarding aggression?
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What behavioral response is associated with high cortisol levels?
What behavioral response is associated with high cortisol levels?
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Which brain structure is linked to emotional regulation dysfunction in psychopaths?
Which brain structure is linked to emotional regulation dysfunction in psychopaths?
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What can cause psychopaths to misinterpret social cues?
What can cause psychopaths to misinterpret social cues?
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What psychological concept explains the lack of emotional response to distress signals in others by psychopaths?
What psychological concept explains the lack of emotional response to distress signals in others by psychopaths?
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Which neurochemical is linked to impaired impulse control and aggression?
Which neurochemical is linked to impaired impulse control and aggression?
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What condition did Chris Benoit suffer from that affected his behavior?
What condition did Chris Benoit suffer from that affected his behavior?
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According to the content, which factor significantly raises the odds of violent behavior?
According to the content, which factor significantly raises the odds of violent behavior?
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What is a key trait commonly found in psychopaths?
What is a key trait commonly found in psychopaths?
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James Fallon's nonviolent life is attributed to what key factor?
James Fallon's nonviolent life is attributed to what key factor?
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What role do early intervention and nurturing environments play in crime prevention?
What role do early intervention and nurturing environments play in crime prevention?
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What motivates adolescence-limited offenders to engage in delinquent behavior?
What motivates adolescence-limited offenders to engage in delinquent behavior?
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What role do structural turning points play in delinquency trajectories?
What role do structural turning points play in delinquency trajectories?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Conduct Disorder (CD)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Conduct Disorder (CD)?
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How does the co-occurrence of ADHD and Conduct Disorder (CD) affect criminal behavior risk?
How does the co-occurrence of ADHD and Conduct Disorder (CD) affect criminal behavior risk?
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What is a core idea of the Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control?
What is a core idea of the Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control?
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Which of the following indicates a significant predictor of antisocial behavior later in life?
Which of the following indicates a significant predictor of antisocial behavior later in life?
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What are early neuropsychological vulnerabilities commonly linked to?
What are early neuropsychological vulnerabilities commonly linked to?
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What can be a consequence of anxiety in early socialization regarding delinquency?
What can be a consequence of anxiety in early socialization regarding delinquency?
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Which behavior is typically observed in individuals with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Which behavior is typically observed in individuals with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
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What is a significant factor in the pathways to delinquency as suggested by the content?
What is a significant factor in the pathways to delinquency as suggested by the content?
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What characteristic is common among life-course persistent offenders?
What characteristic is common among life-course persistent offenders?
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How does the age-crime curve typically behave during adolescence?
How does the age-crime curve typically behave during adolescence?
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What factor contributes to early-onset delinquency according to coercion theory?
What factor contributes to early-onset delinquency according to coercion theory?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and may impact behaviors related to crime?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and may impact behaviors related to crime?
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What role do stress hormones play in relation to criminal behavior?
What role do stress hormones play in relation to criminal behavior?
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What is a primary characteristic of coercive interactions in families that foster delinquency?
What is a primary characteristic of coercive interactions in families that foster delinquency?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between peer rejection and criminal behavior?
Which of the following describes the relationship between peer rejection and criminal behavior?
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What role does the prefrontal cortex play in behavior and personality?
What role does the prefrontal cortex play in behavior and personality?
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In the context of delinquency, what is a significant outcome of early antisocial behavior?
In the context of delinquency, what is a significant outcome of early antisocial behavior?
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What behavioral patterns are typical of adolescence-limited offenders?
What behavioral patterns are typical of adolescence-limited offenders?
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Which method do PET scans primarily rely upon to measure brain activity?
Which method do PET scans primarily rely upon to measure brain activity?
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How do socioeconomic factors often affect criminal behavior?
How do socioeconomic factors often affect criminal behavior?
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What does the violence inhibition mechanism primarily target?
What does the violence inhibition mechanism primarily target?
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Which of the following variables is most associated with academic performance and criminal behavior?
Which of the following variables is most associated with academic performance and criminal behavior?
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Flashcards
Criminal Behaviour
Criminal Behaviour
An act legally defined as a crime, can include omissions.
Definition of Crime
Definition of Crime
Conduct against jurisdictional laws, a social and political construct.
Consensus Theory of Crime
Consensus Theory of Crime
Social agreement on values determining crime definitions.
Conflict Theory of Crime
Conflict Theory of Crime
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Importance of Social Construction
Importance of Social Construction
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Violence Definition
Violence Definition
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Physical Violence
Physical Violence
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Factors Defining Crime
Factors Defining Crime
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Instrumental Violence
Instrumental Violence
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Reactive Violence
Reactive Violence
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Criminology
Criminology
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Sociological Perspective
Sociological Perspective
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Psychological Perspective
Psychological Perspective
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Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory
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Descriptive Research Design
Descriptive Research Design
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Correlational Research Design
Correlational Research Design
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Experimental Research Design
Experimental Research Design
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Dynamic Model of Crime
Dynamic Model of Crime
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Differential Association Theory
Differential Association Theory
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Purpose of Incarceration
Purpose of Incarceration
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Recidivism Rates
Recidivism Rates
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Cybercrime
Cybercrime
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Bank Muscat Heist
Bank Muscat Heist
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Experimental Group
Experimental Group
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Inter-individual Differences
Inter-individual Differences
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Longitudinal Research Design
Longitudinal Research Design
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Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Third Variable
Third Variable
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Violence
Violence
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Macro Theory
Macro Theory
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Allele
Allele
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Chromosome
Chromosome
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Casher Mules
Casher Mules
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Alberto Lajud-Pena
Alberto Lajud-Pena
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Concordance rate
Concordance rate
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Dizygotic twins
Dizygotic twins
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Target Data Breach 2013
Target Data Breach 2013
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics
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BlackPos Malware
BlackPos Malware
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Polymorphism
Polymorphism
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Escrow Systems in Cybercrime
Escrow Systems in Cybercrime
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Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness
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Cybercrime Hierarchy
Cybercrime Hierarchy
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Consequences of Cybercrime
Consequences of Cybercrime
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Natural selection
Natural selection
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Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
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Cultural Shift in Crime
Cultural Shift in Crime
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Corporate Responsibility in Cybersecurity
Corporate Responsibility in Cybersecurity
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Behavioural genetics
Behavioural genetics
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Age-Crime Curve
Age-Crime Curve
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Victim Characteristics
Victim Characteristics
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Perpetrator Motivation
Perpetrator Motivation
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Macro vs. Micro Theories
Macro vs. Micro Theories
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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Directionality
Directionality
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Control Group
Control Group
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Causal Inference
Causal Inference
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Longitudinal Research
Longitudinal Research
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Frontal lobes
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Limbic system
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Neurotransmitters
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Intrasexual competition
Intrasexual competition
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Organic brain syndrome
Organic brain syndrome
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Brain plasticity
Brain plasticity
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Reciprocal cooperation
Reciprocal cooperation
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Adoption Studies
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Nature vs Nurture
Nature vs Nurture
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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Differential Susceptibility Model
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MAOA Enzyme
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Polygenic Influence
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Gene-Environment Interactions
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Cinderella Effect
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Conditional Adaptation Theories
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Male Reputation
Male Reputation
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Criminal Behavior Evolution
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Sex Differences in Behavior
Sex Differences in Behavior
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Homicide
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Life History Theory
Life History Theory
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Cerebral Cortex
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Concordance
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Biological Risk Factors
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Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
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Subcortex
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Fight or Flight Response
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Amygdala
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Sexual Selection
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Dopamine
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Altruism
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Norepinephrine
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Frontal Lobe Damage Symptoms
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Serotonin
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Emotional Lability
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Avoidance Learning
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Prefrontal Cortex Role
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Executive Cognitive Functions
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Disinhibition Syndrome
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Disinhibition Syndrome
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Episodic Dyscontrol Syndrome (EDS)
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Episodic Dyscontrol Syndrome
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Limbic System Functions
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Challenge Hypothesis
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Violence Inhibition Mechanism (VIM)
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Hemispheric Dysfunction
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Testosterone
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Cortisol Effects on Aggression
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Low ANS Reactivity
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Language Lateralization
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Adolescence-Limited Offenders
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Maturity Gap
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Desistance
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Age-Graded Theory
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Conduct Disorder (CD)
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Structural Turning Points
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Neuropsychological Vulnerabilities
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Comorbidity of CD and ADHD
Comorbidity of CD and ADHD
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Organic Brain Dysfunction
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PET Scan
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Psychophysiology
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Skin Conductance
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Social Dominance
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Stress Hormones
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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
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Violence Inhibition Mechanism
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Coercion Theory
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Life-Course Persistent Offenders
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Age of Onset
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Late-Onset Delinquency
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Cortisol
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Fear Conditioning
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Psychophysiological Theories
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Amygdala Dysfunction
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Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
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Environmental Insults
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
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Neurocriminology
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James Fallon’s Case
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Case of Chris Benoit
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Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems
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Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
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Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
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Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS)
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Frontal Lobe Function
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Low Serotonin Levels
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Testosterone and Aggression
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Neuropsychology
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Aggression and Brain Injury
Aggression and Brain Injury
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Study Notes
Chapter 1 Summary
- Criminal behavior involves intentional acts or omissions violating criminal law. Crime definitions are socially and politically constructed, varying across time and jurisdictions but generally agreeing that serious harms, like violence, should be criminalized.
- Violence is intentionally harming a nonconsenting person, physically or through threats. Violence is categorized by its nature, severity, location, victim characteristics, and perpetrator's motivation (e.g., instrumental vs. reactive).
- Criminology draws on sociology and psychology. Sociology focuses on societal influences, while psychology focuses on individual factors.
- A good criminological theory explains both inter-individual (why some commit crimes while others don't) and intra-individual variations (why an individual might commit crime in some situations but not others).
- Research designs include descriptive (e.g., case studies, surveys), correlational (examining relationships between variables), and experimental (allowing causal inferences).
Chapter 1: Cybercrime
- Cybercrime has replaced some physical crimes, causing extensive financial and emotional harm.
- Cybercriminals frequently operate globally, using encrypted communications and coordinating with "casher mules" for transactions.
- Corporate cybersecurity and breach transparency are key issues that affect consumer protection.
Chapter 2: Biological and Evolutionary Perspectives
- Behavioral Genetics: Twin and adoption studies suggest significant heritability of criminal behavior. Molecular studies now examine specific genes connected to aggression and antisocial behavior, impacting neurotransmitter function.
- Gene-Environment Interaction: The diathesis-stress model suggests individuals with genetic predispositions (diathesis) might exhibit criminal behavior when stressed. Conversely, the differential susceptibility model emphasizes how some individuals are more sensitive to both positive and negative environmental influences.
- Evolutionary Psychology: Evolutionary advantages explain behaviors like selfishness and altruism, even within familial relationships. Inclusive fitness, where survival of genetic relatives is prioritized, influences prosocial behavior. Reproductive tactics (high parenting or mating effort) may explain differing propensities toward violence among genders and age-related patterns of crime.
Chapter 3: Neuropsychology and Criminality
- Brain Structures: The limbic system governs primal emotions, while the cerebrum encompasses higher-level cognitive functions like planning and decision-making. The frontal lobes, particularly the prefrontal cortex, are crucial for executive function, impulse control, and inhibiting inappropriate responses.
- Brain Damage and Criminal Behavior: Organic brain syndrome, associated with various physical conditions, including head injuries, can cause behavioural changes, including aggression and impulsivity.
- Neurotransmitters: Serotonin plays a role in impulse control, dopamine in reward-seeking behaviors, and norepinephrine in the fight-or-flight response. Imbalances are associated with increased aggression and criminal behavior.
- Hormones: Testosterone's influence on aggression varies by age, often linked to dominance-seeking in competition. Cortisol (stress hormone) levels, both high and low, can impact aggression —low levels potentially reducing fear of consequences, high levels increasing reactivity.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Low ANS functioning relates to lower fear responses, difficulty learning from punishment, emotional regulation concerns, and higher impulsivity and risk-taking behaviour.
Chapter 4: Developmental Pathways
- Three Patterns: Longitudinal research reveals chronic high-rate offenders, age-crime curves (increased crime in adolescence), and earlier age of onset associated with more severe, persistent criminal careers.
- Coercive Parenting: Coercive interactions between parents and children (negative interactions and inconsistent discipline) contribute to early-onset antisocial behavior and delinquency.
- Moffitt's Taxonomy: Life-course persistent offenders exhibit early-onset antisocial behaviors and persistent criminal careers, often linked to neuropsychological deficits, while adolescence-limited offenders exhibit criminal behaviors during adolescence, typically driven by peers and desisting later.
- Informal Social Control: Strong social bonds (e.g., family, community) and significant life events (marriage, employment) can promote prosocial behavior and desistance from crime.
- Neuropsychological Vulnerabilities: Early neuropsychological problems and prenatal/perinatal complications can lead to externalizing disorders (e.g., ADHD, conduct disorder) and increase the risk of chronic delinquency.
- Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Childhood externalizing disorders (CD and ODD) are crucial risk factors for later antisocial behaviors, potentially leading to ASPD. Co-morbidity with ADHD significantly increases the risk of serious criminal behavior.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in criminology, including definitions of criminal behavior, theories of crime, and the social construction of crime. It also delves into cybercrime aspects, such as malware introduction and the role of cybercriminals. Test your understanding of these critical subjects and their implications.
