Criminological Analysis of Homicide

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Questions and Answers

Which of these statements best reflects the criminological perspective on homicide, as indicated in the lecture?

  • Homicide is a frequent occurrence in modern society.
  • Homicide is considered a norm in urban environments.
  • Homicide is an exception rather than the typical behavior. (correct)
  • Homicide is steadily increasing and becoming more prevalent.

Based on the lecture, approximately how much does a juvenile homicide case cost?

  • $3.5 million USD
  • $2.5 million USD
  • $5.0 million USD
  • $4.2 million USD (correct)

According to the information provided, what kinds of costs are associated with homicide?

  • Exclusively medical costs and future earnings.
  • Only the economic impact of lost property and income is considered.
  • Primarily legal fees and incarceration costs.
  • Medical care, lost earnings, public programs, property damage, and quality of life. (correct)

What is the approximate difference in cost between an adult homicide case and a juvenile case?

<p>Juvenile cases cost about $0.7 million more than adult cases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range is statistically most likely to be involved in homicides in the US?

<p>15 to 34 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the regional perspective, why might warmer weather be correlated with higher homicide rates?

<p>It facilitates more social interactions, leading to more opportunities for conflict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Southern subculture of violence'?

<p>A culture where any slight provocation is considered a direct threat and must be met with violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nisbett's herding economies theory, what is the connection between herding and honor culture?

<p>Herding cultures developed a practice of using swift violence as a means of deterring theft, thus creating a broader honor culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of an 'internalized form of self-defense' refer to within the context of honor culture?

<p>The tendency to react aggressively even when the perceived threat might be minor, as part of maintaining one's reputation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what percentage of sexual murderers had prior sexual convictions?

<p>Approximately 20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the study by Beauregard and Martineau?

<p>To provide a representative description of sexual murderers and their offenses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common method used by sexual murderers, according to the study?

<p>The use of a con or a ruse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest about focusing on known sex offenders in sexual homicide investigations?

<p>It is largely ineffective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Delisi's research, what factor is controlled to determine if it is a significant indicator for sexual homicide?

<p>Alcohol and drug usage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Deisi's division of offenders into three distinct groups?

<p>To control for violence levels unrelated to sexual homicide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what is the relationship between social interaction and sexual murderers?

<p>About a third engage in social activities with 11.2 percent who avoid social contact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the cause of death is strangulation in a sexual murder case, what does the study suggest about other potential evidence?

<p>A weapon may still have been used and could be traced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what percentage of foreign object insertion (FOI) cases involved objects that were phallic-like in nature?

<p>55.4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of FOI cases were the objects recovered at the crime scene rather than during autopsy?

<p>67.6% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common explanation offenders gave for their actions when asked about their motive for foreign object insertion?

<p>They did not know why they did it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, victims of sexual homicides involving foreign object insertion were more likely to have which characteristic?

<p>Be involved in domestic activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a crime characteristic usually present with sexual homicide involving foreign object insertion, according to the study?

<p>Occurrence at the victim's residence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a crime characteristic that is less likely associated with sexual homicide cases involving foreign object insertion?

<p>Stranger offender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, offenders in sexual homicide cases involving foreign object insertion were more likely to have which characteristic?

<p>Experience sexual dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, which of the following was a characteristic of victims involved in sexual homicides where foreign objects were inserted?

<p>They were more likely to be loners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Beauregard's 1999 typology, which characteristic is associated with a sadistic offender?

<p>Premeditated offense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical behavior for an anger-motivated offender?

<p>Admitting responsibility for all acts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study comparing Violent Non-Homicidal Sex Offenders (NHSOs) and Sexual Homicide Offenders (SHOs) find regarding assaults?

<p>SHOs had a higher rate of assault (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided material, what is the most common characteristic of SHOs in relation to their criminal behavior?

<p>They present versatility in their criminal behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the risk of sexual homicide change with an increase in the number of violence exposure types?

<p>The risk increases significantly after five types of exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to childhood experiences, how does the risk of sexual homicide change with the total number of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)?

<p>The risk increases after reaching 7 ACEs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the act of placing an object into a victim's orifice against their will?

<p>Foreign object insertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what is the typical range of homicide rates involving Foreign Object Insertion (FOI) in cases of sexual homicide?

<p>Between 11.4% and 23.6% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schlesinger and colleagues (2010), how might Foreign Object Insertion (FOI) be viewed within the context of sexual homicide?

<p>A ritualistic behavior exceeding what is necessary to cause death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Koppel and colleagues (2019), what were identified as the most common objects used in Foreign Object Insertion (FOI) during sexual homicides?

<p>Tools and natural materials (sticks, logs, rocks) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'homogamous interactions'?

<p>The tendency for individuals to associate with others who share similar characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is the most destructive aspect of the criminal lifestyle?

<p>Interpersonal intrusiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary focus of self-control?

<p>Regulating one's emotions towards long-term consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element of low self-control, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory?

<p>High persistence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all homicides are classified as sexual homicides, approximately?

<p>2% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of sexual homicide could be considered the easiest to misinterpret?

<p>Victim's attire or lack of attire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to crime seriousness surveys, how is sexual homicide ranked compared to other crimes in seriousness?

<p>Second highest rating among over 200 crimes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main issues in the study of sexual homicides, according to the content?

<p>It is difficult to accumulate reliable knowledge for effective investigative practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason why sexual homicide provokes fear in the community, according to the content?

<p>Due to the potential brutality and randomness of victim selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'lifestyle criminality'?

<p>A pattern of irresponsible, self-indulgent, interpersonally intrusive, and social rule-breaking behaviour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'disrespect for intellectual effort' involve, according to the content?

<p>Attributing one's actions to external causes or other people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'interpersonal intrusiveness' refer to within the context of the criminal lifestyle?

<p>Aggressive, hostile, and controlling acts towards others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the demographic matching between homicide offenders and victims?

<p>Offenders and victims tend to match demographically due to social interaction and access. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, besides self-control, what characteristic is linked to violence and also involves seeking novel experiences and excitement?

<p>Sensation-seeking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding a sex trade worker?

<p>They are 51 times more likely to be killed on the job than the next most dangerous job among women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homicide: The Exception, Not the Norm

Homicide is a rare occurrence in society.

Cost of Homicide

The economic impact of homicide includes medical costs, lost earnings, and property damages.

Term Paper Assignment

The term paper assignment involves selecting a homicide case and conducting a criminological analysis.

Criminological Perspective on Homicide

The study of homicide from a criminological perspective focuses on explaining the causes and patterns of this crime.

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Juvenile vs. Adult Homicide Costs

The high cost of homicide for juveniles is estimated to be around 4.2 million USD, while the cost for adults is approximately 3.5 million USD.

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Homicide Age Correlation

Individuals between 15 and 34 years old commit about half of all homicides in the US.

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Southern Subculture of Violence

The theory suggesting that homicide rates are higher in the Southern US due to a culture that emphasizes honor and justifies violence to defend one's reputation.

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Herding Economy and Honor Culture

A theory explaining high homicide rates in the South, arguing that its history of herding economies fostered a culture where swift and violent responses were necessary to protect possessions, leading to an ingrained sense of honor defended through aggression.

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Celtic History and Southern Homicide

The Southern US is populated with people from Celtic cultures like Scotland and Ireland, where a history of herding economies fostered a culture of swift violence to protect possessions leading to honor cultures.

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Southern Effect

A theory suggesting that homicide rates are higher in the South due to its warmer climate, allowing for more opportunities for social interaction, conflict, and violence.

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Sexual Murderers and Prior Convictions

Most sexual murderers have not been previously convicted of sexual crimes.

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Weapons in Sexual Murders

Sexual murderers often use weapons, with knives being the most common.

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Tricks Used in Sexual Murders

More than half of sexual murderers employ a con or trick to lure their victims.

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Prioritizing Known Sex Offenders

Focusing solely on known sex offenders is not an effective strategy for investigating sexual murders.

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Investigating Socially Isolated Individuals

Investigative efforts should not automatically center on socially isolated or withdrawn individuals.

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Misconceptions about Sexual Murderers

Misconceptions may suggest that sexual murderers are introverted and socially inept. This is not necessarily true.

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Strangulation and Weapons in Sexual Murders

The presence of strangulation does not preclude the potential use of weapons in sexual homicide cases.

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Rarer Behaviors in Sexual Murders

The presence of certain behaviors, such as genital mutilation or necrophilia, is relatively rare in sexual murder cases.

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Foreign Objects Inserted (FOI)

Objects inserted into the body during a crime, often with sexual connotations. They can include everyday items, personal objects, and items specifically chosen for their symbolic meaning.

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Sexual Homicide Cases Involving FOI

This refers to a specific subset of sexual homicides where the perpetrator inserts foreign objects into the victim's body.

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Motive in FOI Cases

The most frequent motive in sexual homicides involving FOI was that the offender did not know why they committed the crime, reflecting a possible lack of control or understanding of their actions.

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Loneliness in FOI Victims

A common characteristic of victims in FOI sexual homicides, suggesting a possible link between isolation and vulnerability to this type of crime.

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Sexual Dysfunction in FOI Perpetrators

This suggests that perpetrators may carry certain personality traits, experiences, or psychological issues that contribute to their actions.

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Asphyxiation in FOI Cases

The act of choking or strangling a victim in the context of a sexual homicide, highlighting a specific type of violence utilized in this crime.

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Fisting in FOI Cases

The act of inserting fingers or other objects into the vagina or anus during a sexual homicide, pointing to a specific and often humiliating act.

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Mutilation of Genitals in FOI Cases

A deliberate act of inflicting harm to the victim's genitals during a sexual homicide, highlighting a specific form of violence with possible symbolic or sadistic motivations.

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Sadistic Sexual Homicide Offender

A sexual homicide offender who enjoys the act itself, focuses on control and humiliation, and shows meticulous planning.

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Anger-Driven Sexual Homicide Offender

A sexual homicide offender who is driven by anger and impulsivity, often acting out of rage and frustration.

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Foreign Object Insertion (FOI) in Sexual Homicide

The unwanted insertion of objects into a victim's orifices (mouth, vagina, anus, ear) during a sexual homicide.

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Ritualistic Sexual Homicide

A sexual homicide offender who acts out their fantasies and desires, often through ritualistic behavior.

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Patterned Behavior in Sexual Homicide Offenders

The tendency of sexual homicide offenders to repeat specific behaviors and patterns during their offenses.

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Trauma and Risk of Sexual Homicide

Past experiences of violence, abuse, and neglect can significantly increase the risk of committing sexual homicide.

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ACE Score and Sexual Homicide Risk

A score of 5 or more on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale significantly increases the risk of becoming a sexual homicide offender.

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Specialist Sexual Offender

A type of sexual offender characterized by a primary focus on sexual crimes throughout their criminal careers.

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Versatile Sexual Offender

A sexual offender who commits a wide range of crimes, including both sexual and non-sexual offenses.

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Developmental Factors in Sexual Homicide

The study and analysis of the developmental factors, experiences, and personality traits that contribute to the development of sexual homicide offenders.

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Lifestyle Theory

A sociological theory that suggests criminal behavior is linked to the individuals' social roles, behaviors, and customs of their social group.

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Homogamous Interactions

The tendency to associate with individuals who are similar to oneself in terms of demographics, behaviors, and interests.

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Lifestyle Criminality

A set of four interrelated components that characterize individuals engaging in a lifestyle of criminal behavior: irresponsibility, self-indulgence, interpersonal intrusiveness, and social rule breaking.

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Low Self-Control

The inability to control one's emotions and behaviors, particularly when faced with the temptation of short-term gratification over long-term consequences.

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Sensation-Seeking

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to seek out novel and exciting experiences often in an impulsive manner, often disregarding the potential consequences of such behaviors.

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Sexual Homicide

A type of homicide that includes a sexual component at the crime scene. It is categorized based on the presence of certain characteristics: victim's attire or lack thereof, exposure of the victim's sexual parts, sexual positioning of the victim's body, insertion of foreign objects, evidence of sexual intercourse, or evidence of substitute sexual activity, interest, or sadistic fantasy.

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Empirical Linkages in Homicide

The tendency for homicide offenders and victims to share similar demographic, lifestyle, and behavioral characteristics, suggesting that they may be part of the same social network.

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Repeat Shootings

A phenomenon where a shooting in a certain location increases the likelihood of further shootings in the same area within a short period.

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Homicide and Self-Control

A criminal perspective that explains homicide as a result of individuals with low self-control, often engaging in impulsive and risky behavior.

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Lifestyle Criminality

A theory that explains criminal behavior as a result of individuals adopting a lifestyle characterized by irresponsibility, self-indulgence, interpersonal intrusiveness, and social rule-breaking.

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Low Gratification Delay

A characteristic of individuals with low self-control, signifying their preference for immediate gratification over delayed rewards.

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Low Persistence

A feature of low self-control, demonstrating a lack of persistence or commitment to long-term goals, often resulting in impulsive behaviors and giving up easily.

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High Activity Level

A characteristic of low self-control, implying a high level of physical activity and often impulsiveness and difficulty staying focused.

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Temper

A characteristic of low self-control, indicating a tendency to be easily angered, frustrated, and prone to aggressive outbursts.

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Low Cognitive or Verbal Skills

A characteristic of low self-control, suggesting a lack of cognitive abilities, verbal skills, and problem-solving abilities, often contributing to impulsive actions and poor decision-making.

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Self-Centeredness

A characteristic of low self-control, demonstrating a high level of self-centeredness, narcissism, and a lack of empathy for others, often contributing to selfish and exploitative behavior.

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Study Notes

Criminological Analysis of Homicide

  • Homicide is the exception, not the norm (DeLisi, 2001)
  • Cost of homicide varies:
    • Juvenile homicide costs approximately $4.2 million.
    • Adult homicide costs approximately $3.5 million.
    • Additional costs include medical care, lost future earnings, public programs, property damage, and quality of life losses.
    • DeLisi et al. (2010) estimated each murder costs $5.16 million in direct costs and over $12 million in willingness to pay costs.
  • Homicide types and definitions:
    • Homicide: unlawful killing of one human being by another.
    • Murder: unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.
    • Filicide: murder of a child by a parent.
    • Infanticide: murder of a child within the first year of life.
    • Neonaticide: killing of a child within the first 24 hours of life.
    • Fatal child assault: death of a child due to violence by another person.
    • Parricide: killing of a father, mother, or close relative.
    • Patricide: killing of one's father.
    • Matricide: killing of one's mother.
    • Fratricide: killing of one's brother.
    • Uxoricide: killing of one's spouse (intimate partner homicide).

Lecture 1 - January 9th

  • Ted Bundy, unsolved epidemic book
  • Term paper: pick any case of homicide, worth 30 percent.

Lecture 2 - January 16th

  • Correlates of homicide-race:
    • Homicide is a leading cause of life expectancy differences, especially between Whites and Blacks.
    • Blacks are 5-10 times more likely to kill or be killed compared to Whites.
    • One explanation suggests this is because of adversarial effects.
    • Females accounted for 7.7% of homicides in the US.
  • Correlates of homicide-age:
    • Individuals between 15-34 account for half of homicides in the US.
  • Theoretical Perspectives on Homicide:
    • Southern effect: homicide more common in the South due to more opportunities for conflict and violence.
    • Southern subculture of violence: culture based on honor and retaliation.
    • Herding economies & honor culture (Nisbett): possible influence of historic herding practices and cultures on violence in the Southern US.

Lecture 2 - January 16th

  • Correlates of homicide-race:
    • Homicide is a leading cause of life expectancy differences, especially between Whites and Blacks.
    • Blacks are 5-10 times more likely to kill or be killed compared to Whites.
    • One explanation suggests this is because of adversarial effects.
    • Females accounted for 7.7% of homicides in the US.
  • Correlates of homicide-age:
    • Individuals between 15-34 account for half of homicides in the US.
  • Theoretical Perspectives on Homicide:
    • Southern effect: homicide more common in the South due to more opportunities for conflict and violence.
    • Southern subculture of violence: culture based on honor and retaliation.
    • Herding economies & honor culture (Nisbett): possible influence of historic herding practices and cultures on violence in the Southern US.

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