Criminal Procedure Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an arraignment in a legal process?

  • To share evidence
  • To notify charges and enter a plea (correct)
  • To present opening statements
  • To assign a public defender

What distinguishes direct evidence from indirect evidence?

  • Direct evidence is always testimonies, while indirect evidence is not
  • Direct evidence can be inferred, while indirect cannot
  • Direct evidence directly proves a fact, while indirect evidence requires inference (correct)
  • Indirect evidence is collected from court, while direct evidence is not

What is the role of privileged communications in legal proceedings?

  • They strengthen the prosecution's case
  • They can be used as evidence in court
  • They protect conversations from being disclosed (correct)
  • They allow any party to enter the courtroom

What is the main goal of plea bargaining?

<p>To reduce charges or sentencing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during jury nullification?

<p>The jury votes not guilty despite believing the defendant is guilty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about general deterrence?

<p>It aims to prevent crime among the general public. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an indeterminate sentence entail?

<p>A sentence ranging between a minimum and maximum period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of problem solving courts?

<p>To address underlying issues of mental health and substance use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the harmless error rule imply in legal proceedings?

<p>Errors that do not affect the case outcome are deemed insignificant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of restorative justice?

<p>To reintegrate offenders and repair harm caused by their actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of qualitative interview allows for standardized questions while permitting exploration of topics that arise during the conversation?

<p>Semi-Structured interview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of reflexivity in qualitative interviewing?

<p>It helps in understanding the subjectivity of the interviewer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of qualitative interview mentioned?

<p>Matrix interview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of qualitative interviewing that differentiates it from quantitative methods?

<p>Freedom of response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which observer role in field research involves the researcher fully participating in the environment being studied?

<p>Complete participant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which method of field research would you primarily obtain information by physically witnessing events?

<p>Direct observations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agency record mainly serves descriptive or explanatory purposes?

<p>Published statistics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of obtaining data in field research?

<p>Exploratory surveys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic drawback of qualitative research in terms of reliability?

<p>It often relies on subjective interpretations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of analysis involves researchers examining previously collected data?

<p>Secondary analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of hybrid sources in criminal justice research?

<p>Combining new data with everyday agency activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent content' refer to in content analysis?

<p>Content that has hidden meanings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In program evaluation, what is the purpose of treatment integrity?

<p>To verify that interventions are implemented as intended (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evaluation is conducted after a program has already been implemented?

<p>Ex post evaluation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized outcome of evidence-based policy in criminal justice?

<p>Policies improved through research and evaluation findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by space and time based analysis in crime studies?

<p>Examining patterns of crime based on location and timing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a component of the policy process in criminal justice?

<p>Inputs and outputs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes randomized evaluation designs from other research designs?

<p>It avoids selection bias in participant grouping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do problem and response guides assist in analytical frameworks?

<p>They provide specific analyses and known effective responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do crime maps typically serve in crime analysis?

<p>Displaying spatial and temporal dimensions of crime patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of probability sampling designs?

<p>It ensures random selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves selecting individuals based on their judgment and the study's purpose?

<p>Purposive sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a sampling distribution?

<p>The range of sample statistics obtained from multiple samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling technique specifically ensures representation from different categories within the population?

<p>Stratified sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does quota sampling differ from probability sampling?

<p>It uses judgment to select units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic sampling entail?

<p>Choosing elements at regular intervals from a list. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of conducting targeted victim surveys?

<p>They evaluate the effectiveness of crime policy innovations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the purpose of sampling in research?

<p>To select a subset that accurately reflects the larger population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of conscious bias in sampling?

<p>Excluding certain groups based on preferences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes snowball sampling?

<p>Initial participants recruit other participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Information/Indictment

A formal accusation of a crime, issued by a grand jury.

Arraignment

The legal proceeding where a defendant is officially charged with a crime and must enter a plea.

Plea Bargaining

A negotiation where a defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge, to avoid a more serious trial.

Discovery

The legal process where both sides in a case reveal evidence to each other.

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Direct Evidence

Evidence that proves a fact directly; it doesn't need interpretation.

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Indirect Evidence

Evidence that provides proof through inference, not direct observation.

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Privileged communications

Conversations protected by law from being disclosed in court.

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Jury Nullification

When a jury votes 'not guilty' even if they believe the defendant is guilty, based on their understanding of the law or societal implications.

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Specific deterrence

Punishment aimed at preventing a specific individual from committing further crimes.

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Restorative Justice

A system that focuses on repairing harm caused by crime to the victims and community, as much as to the offender.

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Open-Ended Question

A question that allows the respondent to provide their own answer, without being restricted to a list of choices.

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Closed-Ended Question

A question where the respondent selects an answer from a provided list of options.

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Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusive

A set of options where all possible answers are included, and no two options overlap.

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Contingency Question

A question that is only relevant to certain respondents, based on their previous answers.

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Matrix Question

A question that uses the same set of answer categories for multiple questions.

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Qualitative Interviewing

A type of research that focuses on understanding the experiences, perspectives, and meanings held by individuals.

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Reflexivity

The process of acknowledging and reflecting on your own biases and perspectives in research.

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Complete Participant

An observer who fully integrates into the group being studied and participates in their activities without revealing their research role.

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Participant as Observer

An observer who participates in the group's activities, but makes it clear that they are also a researcher.

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Secondary Analysis

Analyzing data that was originally collected for a different purpose.

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Sampling Bias

When a sample doesn't accurately represent the larger population it was drawn from, leading to misleading results.

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Equal Probability of Selection (EPSEM)

A sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

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Sample Statistic vs. Population Parameter

Sample statistic is a summary description for a variable in a sample, used to estimate the population parameter. Population parameter is the value for a given variable in the whole population.

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Purpose of Sampling?

To select a subset from a population that accurately reflects the characteristics of the whole population, allowing us to make inferences about the entire group.

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Sampling Distribution

The range of possible sample statistics that would be obtained if many samples were drawn from the same population.

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Simple Random Sampling

A method where every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Think of picking names out of a hat.

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Systematic Sampling

Elements are selected systematically from a list, taking every k-th element.

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Stratified Sampling

Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) based on a specific characteristic and then taking a random sample from each subgroup.

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Cluster Sampling

A two-step method where you first select clusters (groups) and then select individuals from within the chosen clusters.

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Purposive Sampling

Selecting a sample based on the researcher's judgment and the study's specific purpose.

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Hybrid Source

Research data that combines observations and interviews with routine agency activities.

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Manifest Content

The observable, surface-level meaning of content.

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Latent Content

The underlying, hidden meaning of content.

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Evaluation Research

Research that assesses the effectiveness of programs or policies.

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Problem Analysis

Research designed to help officials choose the best course of action to address a problem.

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Policy Intervention

An action taken to produce a desired result, usually related to a social issue.

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Evidence-Based Policy

Policies and actions informed by research and data.

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Randomized Evaluation Design

An experimental design that randomly assigns subjects to treatment and control groups, reducing bias.

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Treatment Integrity

Ensuring the experimental intervention is delivered as intended.

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Ex Post Evaluation

A program evaluation conducted after the program has already been implemented.

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Study Notes

Criminal Procedure

  • Information/Indictment: Formal accusation of a crime by a grand jury
  • Arraignment: Defendant is informed of charges, enters a plea, and a public defender is assigned if needed.
  • Discovery: Sharing of evidence between the prosecution and the defense
  • Plea Bargaining: Defendant agrees to reduced charges or a lighter sentence.
  • Opening Statements: Each side presents to the jury their case's summary. There is no evidence presented at this time from either side.
  • Privileged Communications: Conversations protected by law (e.g., attorney-client).
  • Direct Evidence: Evidence that directly proves a fact.
  • Indirect Evidence: Evidence that provides support to help determine a fact, but does not prove it directly.
  • Hearsay Evidence: Statements made outside of court that are presented in court to prove a fact.
  • Jury Nullification: A jury can decide "not guilty" even though they believe a defendant is guilty.
  • Specific Deterrence: Punishment given to a person to discourage them from committing the same crime again.
  • General Deterrence: Punishment given to discourage others from committing similar crimes.
  • Indeterminate Sentence: A sentence with a minimum and maximum length determined by legislation.
  • Determinate Sentence: A fixed, specific length of a sentence.
  • Probation: Release of a convicted person under supervision.
  • Intermediate Sanctions: Punishments that fall between probation and imprisonment
  • Interlocutory Appeals: Appeals made before a trial's final decision
  • Harmless Error Rule: An error that does not affect the case's outcome.
  • Habeas Corpus: Legal process requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or court. The person can then attempt to provide proof that their arrest or imprisonment is unlawful

Criminal Justice Concepts

  • Habeas Corpus: Legal process requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or court. The person can attempt to provide proof that their arrest or imprisonment is unlawful.
  • Problem-solving Courts: Courts designed to help those with mental health or substance abuse issues avoid re-offending.
  • Restorative Justice: Methods to repair harm caused by crime, involving the offender and those impacted by the crime.

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Related Documents

Criminal Courts Study Guide PDF
Research Methods Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the key components of criminal procedure in this quiz. From indictment to jury nullification, test your understanding of formal legal processes and evidence types. Perfect for law students and those interested in legal studies.

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