Questions and Answers
In the criminal justice system, trials are rare compared to the amount of plea bargains.
True
Arrest requires 'reasonable suspicion'.
False
Sociological theories of crime state that there are 'born criminals'.
False
A dad giving his 7-year-old alcoholic lemonade knowing it was alcoholic can use 'Mistake of Fact' defense.
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The classical school states that crime is rational, and fear of punishment prevents crime.
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In the past 30 years, the reported crime and self-reported victimization rates have:
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The term 'organized' in 'organized crime' refers to the criminal acts.
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Approximately what percent of citizens have police contact per year?
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The financial loss of street crime is higher than the financial loss of white-collar crime.
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This Supreme Court case upheld stop-and-frisk when an officer has good reason to believe a person is a danger to the public by being involved in criminal activity:
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This excuse defense can be used if a crime was committed due to coercion:
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An example of an 'inchoate' offense would be conspiracy.
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A less than lethal weapon would include:
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Police use force frequently and on the higher end of the use of force continuum.
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These are actions that violate laws defining which socially harmful behaviors will be subject to the government's power to impose punishments.
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Assault is an example of civil infraction.
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The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment showed what?
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Officers depriving people of their liberty is known as a:
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This county agency position is typically elected, operates the jail, serves court orders, and performs as a bailiff:
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Visible crimes receive more focus than white-collar crimes.
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This style of policing discourages discretion, according to Wilson:
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There is a universal definition of 'use of force' in policing.
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Briefly discuss and define the UCR.
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The 14th Amendment deals with unreasonable searches and seizures.
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Actus reus means 'a guilty mind'.
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This federal agency visited Professor Hickling's home to ensure her guns were being properly stored and regulations regarding sales of guns were being followed:
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Police officers are required to inform citizens of their right to say 'no' to a search.
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Policing in America/the First Modern Police force began as what two things?
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This type of criminal law defines how the state processes accused person's cases:
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Racial disparity in the criminal justice system can be explained by people of color committing more crimes.
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The M'Naghten Rule states that the person 'didn't know what they were doing or didn't know it was wrong'.
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Study Notes
Plea Bargaining in Criminal Justice
- Trials are rare compared to the number of plea bargains in the criminal justice system.
Standards for Arrest
- Arrest requires "probable cause," not just "reasonable suspicion."
Sociological Theories of Crime
- Sociological theories reject the notion of "born criminals"; they emphasize environmental factors.
Mistake of Fact Defense
- A parent knowingly giving an alcoholic beverage to a minor cannot claim "Mistake of Fact" as a defense.
Classical School Theory
- The classical school of thought argues that crime is a rational choice and that the fear of punishment can deter criminal behavior.
Crime Rates Over Time
- Over the past 30 years, both reported crime rates and self-reported victimization rates have decreased.
Organized Crime
- The term "organized" in "organized crime" refers to the systematic criminal acts rather than the individuals involved.
Police Contact Statistics
- Approximately 17% of citizens have contact with police each year.
Financial Loss Comparisons
- Financial losses from white-collar crime are higher than those from street crime.
Stop-and-Frisk Ruling
- The Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio upheld the legality of stop-and-frisk practices based on reasonable suspicion of danger.
Coercion Defense
- The defense of duress applies when a crime has been committed due to coercion.
Inchoate Offenses
- Conspiracy is an example of an "inchoate" offense, which involves planning a crime that has not been completed.
Less Than Lethal Weapons
- OC/Pepper Spray, CED/Taser, and Batons all qualify as less-than-lethal weapons.
Frequency of Police Use of Force
- Police do not frequently operate at the higher end of the use-of-force continuum.
Definition of Crime
- Crime refers to actions violating laws that establish socially harmful behaviors subject to governmental punishment.
Assault Classification
- Assault is not classified as a civil infraction; it is a criminal offense.
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
- The experiment indicated that arrests led to a decrease in domestic violence incidents six months later.
Seizure in Law Enforcement
- The act of depriving someone of their liberty is classified as a seizure.
Sheriff Duties
- The sheriff is an elected county agency position responsible for operating the jail and serving court orders.
Visibility of Crimes
- Visible crimes generally receive more public and governmental focus compared to white-collar crimes.
Policing Styles
- Legalistic policing discourages officer discretion and enforces strict adherence to laws.
Use of Force Definition
- There is no universal definition of "use of force" in policing; interpretations may vary.
Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)
- UCR is a voluntary database where law enforcement reports crimes, but not all incidents may be included.
Fourth Amendment Misconception
- The 14th Amendment does not deal with unreasonable searches and seizures; the Fourth Amendment does.
Actus Reus Interpretation
- Actus reus translates to "guilty act," not "guilty mind," which is referred to as mens rea.
ATF Operations
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ensures compliance with firearm storage and sales regulations.
Citizen's Rights
- Police officers are not required to inform citizens of their right to refuse a search.
Origins of Policing in America
- Early American policing emerged from Indian constables and Slave Patrols.
Procedural Criminal Law
- Procedural law governs how the state processes cases against accused individuals.
Racial Disparity Unjustified
- Racial disparities in the criminal justice system cannot be simply attributed to higher crime rates among people of color.
M'Naghten Rule
- The M'Naghten Rule addresses the insanity defense, focusing on the defendant's understanding of their actions at the time of the crime.
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Description
This quiz explores various aspects of criminal justice, including plea bargaining, standards for arrest, and sociological theories of crime. Additionally, it discusses defense strategies and the classical school theory regarding crime. Test your knowledge on crime rates and organized crime concepts.
