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Questions and Answers
What is Deterrence Theory?
What is Deterrence Theory?
- The belief that the threat or application of legal punishment prevents criminal behavior (correct)
- The view that crime is caused by social factors alone
- The belief that legal punishment has no effect on crime
- The idea that punishment should always be severe
What is Specific Deterrence?
What is Specific Deterrence?
Deterrence that occurs when offenders already punished for lawbreaking decide not to commit another crime because they do not want to face the legal consequences again.
Define Objective Deterrence.
Define Objective Deterrence.
The impact of actual legal punishment.
What was the Enlightenment?
What was the Enlightenment?
What does Macro refer to in sociological studies?
What does Macro refer to in sociological studies?
What does Positivism suggest about human behavior?
What does Positivism suggest about human behavior?
What is Subjective Deterrence?
What is Subjective Deterrence?
What are Expressive Offenses?
What are Expressive Offenses?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest?
State what Rational Choice suggests about offenders.
State what Rational Choice suggests about offenders.
Explain the System Capacity Argument.
Explain the System Capacity Argument.
What is Opportunity Theory commonly referred to?
What is Opportunity Theory commonly referred to?
What is an Involvement Decision?
What is an Involvement Decision?
What is an Event Decision?
What is an Event Decision?
What are Initiation, Habituation, and Dissistence?
What are Initiation, Habituation, and Dissistence?
Define Situational Factors.
Define Situational Factors.
What does Certainty refer to in deterrence?
What does Certainty refer to in deterrence?
Define Absolute Deterrence.
Define Absolute Deterrence.
What is Routine Activities Theory?
What is Routine Activities Theory?
What is General Deterrence?
What is General Deterrence?
What does Micro refer to in sociological studies?
What does Micro refer to in sociological studies?
Who is regarded as the father of modern criminology?
Who is regarded as the father of modern criminology?
What is Jeremy Bentham known for?
What is Jeremy Bentham known for?
What is Gary Becker recognized for?
What is Gary Becker recognized for?
Who are Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke?
Who are Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke?
What did Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson discuss?
What did Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson discuss?
Which country has enacted the most mandatory penalty laws?
Which country has enacted the most mandatory penalty laws?
During the Enlightenment period, justice could be described as ________.
During the Enlightenment period, justice could be described as ________.
What idea best reflects the beliefs of classical school philosophers?
What idea best reflects the beliefs of classical school philosophers?
What is Marginal Deterrence?
What is Marginal Deterrence?
Why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake?
Why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake?
What are Instrumental Offenses?
What are Instrumental Offenses?
A child playing in a park alone reflects what routine activities theory suggests is a lack of ______.
A child playing in a park alone reflects what routine activities theory suggests is a lack of ______.
What is Situational Crime Prevention?
What is Situational Crime Prevention?
Neoclassical theorists assume criminals act with free will.
Neoclassical theorists assume criminals act with free will.
Criminals do not always act rationally.
Criminals do not always act rationally.
People in ancient times often thought crime was caused by possession.
People in ancient times often thought crime was caused by possession.
Neoclassical and classical theories hold that people 'rationally choose' to commit crime. Researchers, however, have found that humans are not as rational as these theories assume.
Neoclassical and classical theories hold that people 'rationally choose' to commit crime. Researchers, however, have found that humans are not as rational as these theories assume.
What is Cesare Beccaria known for?
What is Cesare Beccaria known for?
What is a statement that fits neoclassical thinking?
What is a statement that fits neoclassical thinking?
Regarding deterrence theory, various kinds of evidence suggest that ______ especially has little or no deterrent effect.
Regarding deterrence theory, various kinds of evidence suggest that ______ especially has little or no deterrent effect.
Hot-spot policing involves intensive police patrols of high crime areas.
Hot-spot policing involves intensive police patrols of high crime areas.
Neoclassical explanations do not stress biology as the root cause of crime.
Neoclassical explanations do not stress biology as the root cause of crime.
What are Theories of Crime?
What are Theories of Crime?
What is Neoclassical Theory?
What is Neoclassical Theory?
Who is Auguste Comte?
Who is Auguste Comte?
What is Charles Darwin known for?
What is Charles Darwin known for?
Who are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Who are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
What does Severity refer to in the context of crime?
What does Severity refer to in the context of crime?
What is the Classical School?
What is the Classical School?
Neoclassical explanations of crime are rooted in ______.
Neoclassical explanations of crime are rooted in ______.
Contemporary Rational Choice suggests offenders carefully plan all crimes they commit.
Contemporary Rational Choice suggests offenders carefully plan all crimes they commit.
What best reflects the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment?
What best reflects the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment?
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Study Notes
Deterrence Theory
- Belief that threats or application of legal punishment can prevent criminal behavior.
- Distinction between specific and general deterrence; specific deterrence targets offenders while general deterrence aims at the public.
Key Deterrence Concepts
- Specific Deterrence: Occurs when punished offenders refrain from future crimes to avoid repeating legal consequences.
- Objective Deterrence: Focuses on the actual impact of legal punishments.
- Subjective Deterrence: Concerned with individuals' perceptions about the likelihood of arrest and punishment.
- Absolute Deterrence: Examines the difference in deterrent effects between having some legal punishment versus none.
Crime Theories
- Rational Choice Theory: Suggests individuals weigh benefits and costs before committing crimes.
- Routine Activities Theory: Proposes a framework considering daily activities’ influence on victimization; requires a motivated offender, attractive target, and absence of guardianship.
- Opportunity Theory: Refers to the same principles as Routine Activities Theory, highlighting situational crime prevention strategies.
Influential Figures
- Cesare Beccaria: Regarded as the father of modern criminology; stressed that punishment must be certain and swift to serve as a deterrent.
- Jeremy Bentham: Prominent for discussions on utilitarianism and prison reforms within the classical school.
- Gary Becker: Known for merging economic principles with rational choice theory in crime.
- Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke: Extended studies of crime benefits concerning notoriety and enjoyment.
- Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson: Developed routine activities theory, detailing three factors influencing crime rates.
The Enlightenment and Its Impact
- An intellectual movement that fostered scientific reasoning over religious beliefs, influencing classical criminological thought.
- Notable philosophers included Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contributing to thoughts on rationality and human nature.
Macro and Micro Perspectives
- Macro: Focuses on broader social factors influencing crime; often relates to sociological studies.
- Micro: Addresses individual-level factors; often connects to psychological and biological studies.
Crime and Legal Punishment
- Severity, certainty, and swiftness are crucial dimensions affecting deterrence and crime incidence.
- Evidence suggests severe punishments may lack significant deterrent effects.
Modern Context
- Neoclassical theories enhance classical ideas by considering rationality while acknowledging that humans may not always act rationally.
- Situational Crime Prevention seeks to lessen opportunities for crime by altering environments.
Additional Concepts
- Situational Factors: Immediate physical settings affecting crime potential, such as street lighting.
- Involvement Decision: General decision-making process about engaging in criminal activity.
- Event Decision: Choosing to commit a specific crime at a certain time.
- Marginal Deterrence: Examines the influence of increased severity, certainty, or swiftness of punishment on crime rates.
Miscellaneous
- Neoclassical theories do not focus on biology as a primary cause of crime.
- Criminal Justice System: High crime rates correlate with low arrest rates due to system capacity constraints.
- Routine activities theory emphasizes the importance of guardianship in crime prevention.
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