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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of criminal investigation?
What is the primary goal of criminal investigation?
- To report crimes to citizens
- To prevent future crimes
- To recover stolen properties (correct)
- To identify the type of crime
Which phase does NOT belong to the criminal investigation process?
Which phase does NOT belong to the criminal investigation process?
- Identifying the criminal
- Tracing and locating the criminal
- Executing the sentence (correct)
- Gathering evidence for trial
In which mode of investigation do investigators respond to crimes after they have occurred?
In which mode of investigation do investigators respond to crimes after they have occurred?
- Proactive mode
- Scientific mode
- Reactive mode (correct)
- Preventive response
What is the principle of individuality in dactyloscopy?
What is the principle of individuality in dactyloscopy?
What is the focus of proactive mode of investigation?
What is the focus of proactive mode of investigation?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of criminal investigation?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of criminal investigation?
What characterizes criminal investigation as a science?
What characterizes criminal investigation as a science?
What is the ultimate purpose of gathering evidence during a criminal investigation?
What is the ultimate purpose of gathering evidence during a criminal investigation?
What does the term 'felicity' refer to in the context of criminal investigation?
What does the term 'felicity' refer to in the context of criminal investigation?
What percentage of criminal investigation, according to Hans Gross, is attributed to perspiration?
What percentage of criminal investigation, according to Hans Gross, is attributed to perspiration?
During which stage of criminal investigation is the act of maintaining the original form of evidence most critical?
During which stage of criminal investigation is the act of maintaining the original form of evidence most critical?
Which step in the criminal investigation process involves the identification of relevant data?
Which step in the criminal investigation process involves the identification of relevant data?
What is the main purpose of the evaluation stage in criminal investigation?
What is the main purpose of the evaluation stage in criminal investigation?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of the collection stage?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of the collection stage?
What might be the consequence of depending solely on inspiration or luck in investigations?
What might be the consequence of depending solely on inspiration or luck in investigations?
What does the term 'collection' primarily involve in criminal investigations?
What does the term 'collection' primarily involve in criminal investigations?
Who is considered the founder of La Surete, France's National Detective Organization?
Who is considered the founder of La Surete, France's National Detective Organization?
Which concept introduced by Allan Pinkerton became a foundational aspect of criminal investigation?
Which concept introduced by Allan Pinkerton became a foundational aspect of criminal investigation?
What year did the London Metropolitan Police employ the first undercover officer?
What year did the London Metropolitan Police employ the first undercover officer?
Which individual is credited for explaining a photographic process to the Royal Society of London?
Which individual is credited for explaining a photographic process to the Royal Society of London?
What was one of the methods pioneered by Allan Pinkerton for surveillance of suspects?
What was one of the methods pioneered by Allan Pinkerton for surveillance of suspects?
What contribution did Kate Wayne make to criminal investigation history?
What contribution did Kate Wayne make to criminal investigation history?
Which criminal gang is noted for its robbery spree that began in 1866?
Which criminal gang is noted for its robbery spree that began in 1866?
Which individual is known as the earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science?
Which individual is known as the earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science?
What must be proven for a police search of a moving vehicle to be justified?
What must be proven for a police search of a moving vehicle to be justified?
What are the three requirements for a waiver of rights to be valid?
What are the three requirements for a waiver of rights to be valid?
What defines a 'stop and frisk' situation?
What defines a 'stop and frisk' situation?
In what situation can a search warrant be dispensed with?
In what situation can a search warrant be dispensed with?
Under what circumstance can customs officers conduct a search without a warrant?
Under what circumstance can customs officers conduct a search without a warrant?
What is the primary role of the PNP as established in RA No. 4864?
What is the primary role of the PNP as established in RA No. 4864?
Which of the following correctly describes the character of the PNP?
Which of the following correctly describes the character of the PNP?
Which law created the Office of the Police Commission?
Which law created the Office of the Police Commission?
What rights are defined in RA No. 7438?
What rights are defined in RA No. 7438?
What are the modes of arrest as mentioned in the content?
What are the modes of arrest as mentioned in the content?
Which of the following provides the operational governance for the PNP?
Which of the following provides the operational governance for the PNP?
What is a general rule regarding search and seizure as stated in the content?
What is a general rule regarding search and seizure as stated in the content?
What significant change did RA No. 6975 introduce?
What significant change did RA No. 6975 introduce?
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Study Notes
Criminal Investigation
- Criminal investigation involves identifying, locating, collecting, processing and evaluating physical evidence.
- Criminal investigation is a science:
- It uses scientific principles to identify and analyze evidence.
- Fingerprint analysis, based on the principle of individuality, is a common example.
- Forensic chemistry relies on the principal of chemical reactivity.
- Criminal investigation is a process:
- It involves a systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving and evaluating information and evidence.
- Steps:
- Recognition: identifying significant facts or evidence.
- Collection: gathering identified facts or evidence.
- Preservation: maintaining the integrity and value of collected evidence.
- Evaluation: determining the probative value of evidence.
History of Criminal Investigation
- Early pioneers:
- Eugene François Vidocq:
- Founder of the first detective agency in Paris.
- Introduced the idea of "Trade Protection Society," which later evolved into credit card systems.
- Robert Peel:
- Founder of the London Metropolitan Police.
- Introduced techniques like undercover operations and secret photography.
- Hans Gross:
- Advocated for criminal investigation as a science.
- Eugene François Vidocq:
- Important milestones:
- 1833: London Metropolitan Police employed the first undercover officer.
- 1835: Texas Rangers organized as the first law enforcement agency with statewide investigative authority.
- 1852: The term "detective" introduced to the English language by Charles Dickens in his novel "Bleak House."
- 1852: Allan Pinkerton, a renowned private detective, introduced shadowing and undercover operations.
- 1856: Kate Wayne became the first woman detective.
- 1866: Thomas Byrnes developed the "modus operandi" method.
- 1877: Howard Vincent headed the newly organized Criminal Investigation Department in Scotland Yard.
Philippine National Police (PNP)
- National in scope: The PNP operates nationwide.
- Civilian in character: The PNP is a civilian organization, not part of the military.
- Key legislation:
- RA 4864 (1966): The Police Act of 1966, created the Office of the Police Commission (now National Police Commission).
- RA 6975 (1990): Created the BFP, BJMP, and PNP under the DILG.
- RA 8551 (1998): The PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, governs the PNP.
- RA 7438: Defines rights of persons arrested, detained, or under custodial investigation.
Arrest
- Definition: Arrest is the taking of a person into custody to answer for a criminal offense.
- Modes:
- Arrest by warrant: Requires a warrant issued by a court.
- Arrest without a warrant: Possible in specific circumstances, like an escapee from detention.
Search and Seizure
- Definition: Examination of a person, their belongings, homes, or premises to discover contraband or evidence.
- General rule: A search warrant is required for any search.
- Exceptions:
- Search of moving vehicles: Possible with probable cause to believe a crime was committed.
- Consented search: Requires informed consent from the person being searched.
- Customs search: Authorized for enforcement of customs laws.
- Stop and frisk: Police can briefly stop a person if they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and pat them down for weapons.
- Exigent and emergency circumstances: Permissible if a crime is in progress and there is no time to obtain a warrant.
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