Criminal Careers and Crime Hot Spots

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of criminological theory?

  • Understanding the factors that influence crime rates in different societies.
  • Investigating the impact of environmental factors on crime patterns.
  • Explaining why some individuals commit crimes while others do not. (correct)
  • Analyzing the role of social forces in causing individuals to offend.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a unit of analysis commonly used in criminological theory?

  • Communities
  • Individuals
  • Situations
  • Social Institutions (correct)

What does the text suggest is a significant factor in determining the crime rate of a society?

  • The number of offenders in the society.
  • The frequency with which offenders commit crimes. (correct)
  • The availability of opportunities for crime.
  • The severity of crimes committed.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key theory or perspective discussed in the text?

<p>Social Disorganization Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that there is a growing emphasis on which aspect of crime?

<p>The environmental factors that contribute to crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider "where" crimes occur?

<p>It helps identify high-crime areas and target resources effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is supported by the text?

<p>Reducing crime requires a focus on both the offender and the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the passage?

<p>The importance of understanding both individual and environmental contributions to crime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one possible explanation for the relatively low crime rate at the Dallas hotel, despite its high population size?

<p>The hotel had significantly more security personnel per capita than the city. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the modern metropolis according to Felson (1987)?

<p>A growing inequality in security, with some areas having higher levels of protection than others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate daily population of the most violent bar in Minneapolis discussed in the text?

<p>300 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the robbery call rate per 1,000 persons at the Minneapolis bar?

<p>83 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the high crime rate at the Minneapolis bar, according to the text?

<p>The bar's proximity to a large number of drug dealers and prostitutes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that the bar's management had little interest in controlling illegal behavior?

<p>The bar's bartender and waitress were charged with drug dealing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the per capita robbery rate at the Dallas hotel compare to the per capita robbery rate for the entire city?

<p>It was 76% lower. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Minneapolis bar suggests that it was a "dangerous place" with high personal risks of criminal victimization?

<p>The bar's high per capita assault rate, exceeding one assault per four patrons over the year. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Demonstration Project primarily address?

<p>The prevention of burglary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies examines aggression in social settings?

<p>Aggression and Barroom Environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central focus of Hirschi's work in 'Causes of Delinquency'?

<p>Juvenile behavior and its consequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is NOT associated with the 1994 study by Hope on drug market locations?

<p>Socioeconomic factors influencing crime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of Linnell's master's thesis on hot spots of crime?

<p>Geographical distribution of specific crimes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study is known for its focus on situational crime prevention through successful case studies?

<p>Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of crime does Poyner's 1992 study primarily address?

<p>Situational crime prevention in parking facilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these authors is associated with studying the relationship between geography and crime distribution?

<p>G.Pierce and S.Spaar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'criminal careers of places' refer to?

<p>The ongoing criminal activity associated with specific locations over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor leading to the end of the hot-spot bar's existence?

<p>Urban renewal efforts resulting in its demolition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action was taken by the police in Newport News regarding the New Briarfield apartments?

<p>Requesting its demolition due to high crime rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative to capital punishment is mentioned for ending hot-spot careers?

<p>Incapacitation through property seizure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred as a result of the actions taken against a crack house in Detroit?

<p>The restoration of the neighborhood's safety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did finance companies play in reducing crime at one drug selling location?

<p>They foreclosed on properties associated with crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the concept of place incapacitation raise?

<p>The permanence of crime if structures remain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how do the criminal careers of places typically end?

<p>By demolition or seizure of the physical structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary unit of analysis in the experiment conducted in Minneapolis?

<p>Places (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of using problem-oriented approaches in Jersey City?

<p>To reduce drug dealing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did public housing authorities adopt in controlling drug dealing?

<p>Increasing tenant screening and criminal record checks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge was highlighted regarding hot spots and city agencies?

<p>Other city agencies are often uncooperative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of experiment was conducted in San Diego?

<p>Randomized place experiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unfair policy was considered by the Washington D.C. City Council?

<p>Evicting tenants who do not report drug dealing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of dealing with hot spots as indicated in the content?

<p>It is often difficult to stop crime at chronic hot spots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agency was suggested to provide mobile drug treatment centers in conjunction with police crackdowns?

<p>Health department (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main topic addressed by Reiss in his 1988 work?

<p>Co-Offending and Criminal Careers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study specifically examined the effectiveness of police patrol in crime hot spots?

<p>General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime 'Hot Spots' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who authored the work titled 'Residential Crime' that was published in 1974?

<p>T.A. Reppetto (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study addresses the relationship between fear of crime and changes in neighborhoods?

<p>Fear of Crime and Neighborhood Change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is explored by Shaw and McKay in their 1942 publication?

<p>Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is discussed by Spelman and Eck in their 1989 publication?

<p>Urban Policing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author collaborated with Sherman on the issue of drug hot spots in New Jersey?

<p>L. Green (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication discusses the psychological deterrent effects of electronic security systems?

<p>The Halo Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hot Spots of Crime

Areas where crime occurs more frequently than in other locations.

Criminological Theory

Frameworks that explain why crimes occur based on human behavior and social factors.

Individuals vs. Communities

The two main focuses of criminological analysis.

Anomie Theory

Merton's theory explaining crime through societal instability and norm breakdown.

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Ecological Perspective

Shaw and McKay's view that neighborhood environments influence crime rates.

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Differential Association Theory

Theory that suggests individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions.

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Situational Crime Prevention

Strategies aimed at reducing crime by changing the environment or opportunities.

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Crime Rate Factors

The interplay between the number of offenders and their frequency of committing crimes.

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Predatory crime

Crimes that involve victimization for theft or harm.

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Guardianship

The presence of security measures or personnel to protect individuals in an area.

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Robbery rate

The frequency of robbery incidents per population unit.

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Crime frequency rate

The number of crimes that occur in a specific area within a given time.

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High-risk environment

An area where the likelihood of being a crime victim is significantly increased.

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Vulnerable targets

Individuals or groups that are less capable of defending themselves against crime.

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Drug dealers and prostitutes concentration

Areas where high numbers of drug dealers and sex workers coexist, often correlated with crime.

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Tavern management issues

Problems in oversight and control of conduct within a bar or tavern, leading to crime.

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Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project

A demonstration project aimed at reducing burglaries in a specific area.

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Aggression and Barroom Environments

Study exploring how environments like bars influence aggressive behavior.

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Robbery Victims

A report detailing characteristics and experiences of those who have been robbed.

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Problem-Oriented Policing

A strategy that addresses specific crime issues by analyzing and responding to problems.

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Geographic Distribution of Crime

Study analyzing where specific crimes, like robbery and rape, occur most in a city.

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Repeat Victimizations

The phenomenon where victims experience multiple crimes over time in similar ways.

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Situational Crime Prevention Case Studies

Examples showing successful methods to reduce crime through environmental changes.

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Social Theory and Crime Structure

Merton's theoretical approach connecting social structures to crime rates and behavior.

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Hot Spot

A location with a high incidence of crime.

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Criminal Careers of Places

The recurring pattern of crime associated with specific locations.

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Termination of Criminal Careers

Ending of crime patterns in specific locations.

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Urban Renewal

The process of developing or renovating urban areas.

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Vigilante Justice

Taking the law into one's own hands without legal authority.

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Incapacitation

Method to prevent crime by taking away the source.

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Police Request for Demolition

Police advocating for the destruction of crime-prone buildings.

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Property Seizures

Legal action to take possession of property linked to crime.

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Place Analysis

Using specific locations to study crime and policing effects.

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Problem-Oriented Approach

Strategies aimed at addressing specific crime problems in a location.

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Mobile Drug Treatment Centers

Health services provided on the move to address drug-related issues.

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Tenant Screening

Evaluation of potential tenants based on their background.

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Collaborative Policing

Involvement of multiple agencies to tackle crime issues.

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Indiscriminate Arrests

Arrests made without solid evidence or probable cause.

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Chronic Hot Spots

Areas of persistent crime that are difficult to manage or eliminate.

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Co-Offending

Engaging in criminal activities with one or more individuals.

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Psychological Deterrence

The prevention of crime through perceived risks of getting caught.

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Crime Specific Theory

Theories focusing on particular types of crime rather than general causes.

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Urban Policing

Law enforcement strategies aimed at addressing crime in city environments.

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Fear of Crime

The apprehension individuals feel regarding becoming a crime victim.

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Routine Activities Theory

Concept suggesting that crime occurs when a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardianship converge.

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Residential Crime

Crimes occurring within residential areas, often targeting homes and their occupants.

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Study Notes

Hot Spots of Crime and Criminal Careers of Places

  • Crime is concentrated in specific places, more intensely than among individual offenders.
  • The concentration of crime in certain places is analogous to the components of criminal careers in individuals (onset, desistance, continuance, specialization, desistance).
  • Theories of crime should consider the role of places, not just individuals.
  • The concentration of crime is more predictable by the location (place) than the identity of the offender.
  • Example: Drake Place, Washington D.C. in 1989 experienced a high concentration of violent crimes (murders and shootings) within a short period.
  • Analysis of 323,000 calls to Minneapolis police in 1986 showed that only a small percentage of places accounted for a large portion of the crimes (e.g., 3% of places accounted for 50% of calls).
  • This concentration is even more pronounced in predatory crimes (robbery, criminal sexual conduct, and auto theft).
  • Domestic violence also clusters in specific locations.
  • The concentration of crime in a few places is six times higher than the concentration among offenders.
  • Concentration of crime in specific locations presents challenges for both criminological theory and crime control policy.
  • Crime patterns can be understood and predicted by examining the location in which the crime occurred.

Explanatory Focus

  • Criminological theory has primarily focused on the individual and the community, analyzing why individuals commit crimes and why crime rates differ between communities
  • Contemporary theory recognizes that where crimes occur correlates more strongly with predicting future occurrences, than personal characteristics of perpetrators.
  • Newer research emphasizes the importance of the "situation" in which crimes occur.
  • Situational crime prevention focuses on reducing crime opportunities through modifying the environment.
  • Examples of situational crime prevention include changes in security measures, lighting, and security presence.

Dimensions of Criminal Careers of Places

  • Various dimensions characterize criminal careers of places including: date of onset, frequency, length of the career (onset and desistance), recurrence rates, intermittent crime periods and crime types.
  • Places can have criminal careers much like individuals, characterized by these factors.
  • A "hot spot of crime" exhibits a pattern of criminal activity and these factors may vary from one location to another.
  • The location of crime is sometimes more predictable than the identity of the offender
  • This analysis is based on criminal activity data.

Future Research

  • Research to clarify the relationships between the "criminal event triangle" and crime controllers.
  • Longitudinal studies to show how much change in guardianship is needed for crime frequency to decrease.
  • Studies comparing rates of crime within different neighborhoods.
  • To determine why some locations are more prone to criminal activity compared to other locations.
  • Research to investigate the factors responsible for the intermittency of crime in specific locations.

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