Crime Part B: Capital Punishment

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason that disability is said to stem from society rather than physical impairment?

Disability definitions vary across cultures.

Physical impairments are temporary.

Society fails to provide necessary accommodations. (correct)

Society's perception of disabilities is negative.

Which of the following substances is not classified as an opioid?

Oxycodone

Methamphetamine (correct)

Fentanyl

Codeine

What erroneous claim was made by Dr. David Haddox regarding patients and opioid addiction?

All patients experience side effects from opioids.

Addiction is more likely among older adults.

Pain relief is always associated with chronic drug use.

Patients in pain are unable to feel the euphoric effects. (correct)

What was a significant characteristic of OxyContin when it was first marketed?

It was marketed as non-addictive due to its time-release format. Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic has shown to be most affected by opioid-related deaths?

Young adults aged 20-40. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assertion of the biomedical view of medicine regarding health?

Health is defined as the absence of illness. Signup and view all the answers

What do social determinants of health (SDOH) encompass?

Economic, social, and political factors influencing health. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant effect of income inequality on health outcomes?

Higher rates of health issues in more unequal countries. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

Injury from accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding health disparities between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Canadians?

Indigenous Canadians experience higher rates of trauma and suicide. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a consequence of social exclusion?

Socially dislocated individuals may adopt unhealthy coping behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the interaction between body, mind, and environment in understanding health?

Biopsychosocial View Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT contribute to the stress and health outcomes outlined in social determinants of health?

Increased social cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What does the goal of epidemiology focus on regarding population health?

Prevention of disease within the population. Signup and view all the answers

What notable trend has been observed in life expectancy over the last century?

Disparities in life expectancy between rich and poor nations persist. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Robert Bickerdike opposed capital punishment?

He considered it un-Christian and ineffective as a deterrent. Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift occurred in public opinion towards capital punishment in Canada during the 1960s?

Public support dramatically decreased. Signup and view all the answers

What was the last public hanging in Canada?

The execution of Patrick Whelan. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the contemporary arguments against capital punishment?

It ensures crime rates remain low. Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of media coverage concerning the Hamilton brothers' executions?

It suggested that the executions would deter crime. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of societal philosophy is highlighted in discussions about punishment?

The impact of free will versus determinism. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what concern is associated with the administration of the law?

People serving life sentences may be innocent. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason most people don't adhere to their prescribed medications?

They perceive taking medications as admitting to a psychiatric illness. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Community Treatment Order (CTO)?

An agreement that includes taking medication and regular visits to a psychiatric nurse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a common misconception about deterrence in relation to severe penalties?

Crime can be completely eliminated through harsher laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a Community Treatment Order?

Ability to function independently without supervision. Signup and view all the answers

What role does work play in societal stability according to structural functionalism?

It supports emotional fulfillment and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What policy was introduced following tragic incidents involving individuals not taking medications?

Kendra's Law. Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theory, what is a significant consequence of capitalism in the workplace?

Workplaces serve as arenas for exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for the adaptation of Community Treatment Order policies?

Growing public pressure to manage perceived threats from untreated individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the gig economy?

Jobs are often temporary, part-time, and precarious. Signup and view all the answers

How do digital platforms function in platform capitalism?

They facilitate interactions and transactions between different user groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that deinstitutionalization was primarily driven by the expansion of the state role?

Skulls Theory of Deinstitutionalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of Community Treatment Orders?

They may lead to reinstitutionalization of patients. Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of gig work for workers?

Freedom to choose work hours and tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Which act separated general hospitals from psychiatric hospitals in Canada?

National Hospital Insurance & Diagnostic Services Act. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Marx's view on class relations under capitalism?

Conflicts arise due to opposing interests between classes. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main factors contributing to the oversupply of labor in the gig economy?

The reliance on mobile devices for recruitment. Signup and view all the answers

What belief does neoliberal policy often align with regarding employment?

It emphasizes individual responsibility over social support. Signup and view all the answers

How do capitalists primarily benefit from the work of women compared to men?

Women are a part of an easily replaced reserve army of workers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of new technologies on parenting?

Parenting has become complicated due to associated risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge that many women face in the workplace?

Harassment and discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

What does research indicate regarding women achieving work-life balance?

Women desire the ability to choose between career and family. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the additional unpaid labor many women undertake after their paid job?

Second Shift Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of family dynamics has changed significantly in Canadian households over the past few decades?

Greater diversity in family structures. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of families is described as being primarily led by grandparents raising children?

Skip Generation Families Signup and view all the answers

What misconception did liberal feminists hold about women in the workplace?

Laws alone would ensure equal workplace opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Crime Part B

Capital punishment in 1859 included murder, rape, and treason.
Between 1867 and 1962, 720 executions were carried out.
Robert Bickerdike (1843-1928) believed capital punishment was murder, un-Christian, excessively brutal, unnecessary, and ineffective as a deterrent.
The possibility of judicial error (mistakes) made it unconscionable.
The hanging of Patrick Whelan was a widely publicized event.
The Hamilton brothers, two racialized and poor brothers, were hanged.
A jury of "superior intelligence" took only 50 minutes to deliver their guilty verdict.
Media believed the Hamilton brothers' deaths would deter crime.
Media coverage in the United States after 1960 was critical of capital punishment.

Media Coverage

Contemporary media framed their criticism of capital punishment based on fairness, constitutionality, morality, cost, and innocence.

Public Reaction

Opinion polls in Canada in the 1980s showed that 50-75% of Canadians wanted the return of capital punishment, particularly for murders of children or police officers.

Policy Making

In the 1960s, opinions about capital punishment began to change.
In 1976, the death penalty was removed from the criminal code for Canada.
In 1998, it was removed from Canadian criminal law.

Incapacitation (prevent future crimes)
Deterrence (fear of punishment)
Retribution (punishment for wrongdoing)
Rehabilitation (change behaviour)

Contemporary Arguments

Data doesn't support capital punishment as a deterrent
Risk of killing an innocent person
State must set an example by recognizing the sanctity of life and protecting all citizens
Many offenders had limited opportunities to develop into responsible citizens
Appeal process can make it more costly.

Why Severe Penalties Don't Deter Crime

Offenders often ignore the risk of being caught.
Low likelihood of arrest, conviction, punishment.
Incarceration rates are too low for harsh sentences to deter a significant number of criminals
Those with addictions aren't deterred.
Some offenders unaware of the potential sentence.

Health and Illness

Biomedical View: Focuses on the absence of disease as a definition of health; illness requires repair.
Well-being: A positive state beyond absence of disease, driven by satisfaction of basic needs.
Biopsychosocial View: Interaction between mind, body, and environment influences health and disease
Social Determinants of Health: Complex relationships between social, economic, and political factors and health outcomes.
Income Inequality: Major social determinant of health, affecting access to resources and opportunities.

Health of Indigenous Canadians

Indigenous Canadians have lower life expectancies and higher rates for suicide and trauma, diabetes, chronic illnesses, and some infectious diseases, compared to non-Indigenous Canadians.

The process of excluding members from normal interactions and sharing of benefits.
Factors after 2000s immigration increased social exclusion: racialized groups, increased social inequalities, religious divisions

Stress: Increased cortisol levels linked to depression and high blood pressure; decrease in immune function.

Low suicide rates associated with religious affiliation, marriage, and wartime.

Lack of Sense of Coherence

Antonovsky's concept of a "sense of coherence" where life is predictable, comprehensible, and manageable.

Resilience

Ability to cope with adversity, through support systems, safe spaces, internal locus of control.

Dominant perspective that society's structures and attitudes create disability, not the impairments themselves. Disability is socially constructed.

Chapter 7: Substance Use Issues

Drug use among youth has decreased since the 1970s.

Opioids

Opium, opiates (morphine, codeine), and synthetic opioids (heroin, oxycodone, percocet, fentanyl) are derived from the poppy plant.
OxyContin, a time-released opioid, was initially marketed as non-addictive, but its misuse led to a crisis.
Fentanyl was the primary cause of opioid overdose deaths in the 2010's and 2020's.
Media coverage emphasized the dangerousness of opioid prescribing.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Symptoms

Impaired control, social problems, risky use, and physical dependence.

Causal Stories and Policy Making

Deliberate and accidental causes related to substance use.

Harm Reduction Measures

Strategies targeting secondary harms associated with substance use disorders (e.g., blood infections, death).

Harm Reduction in Canada

Decriminalization of small amounts of hard drugs
Syringe exchange programs, medicinal cannabis, legal supervised injection sites, and prescription heroin programs.

Mental Illness and Stigma

Mental illness is linked to homelessness and violence
Media often portrays the mentally ill in a negative light, contributing to stigma.

Media Representation

Media portrayal of the mentally ill as violent and unpredictable can contribute to stigma.
Experiences of mental illness should be presented through the voices of those experiencing it.

Community Treatment Orders (CTOs)

Orders aimed to manage and treat mental illnesses in the community.
A way to address the 'revolving door' of in-and-out of hospital stays with mental illness.

Macro Historical Approach to CTOs

Historical context of mental health care and the evolution of CTO policies is important

Globalization and Global Economy

Globalization has led to an increasingly interconnected global economy, but inequality has grown.
Multinational companies outsource to countries with lower labor costs and minimal regulations, leading to job losses in wealthier nations.
Globalization has increased economic inequality between and within nations.

Consequences of Globalization

Global division of labor
Xenophobia
Backlash against globalization
Increased inequality.

Consequences of Global Economic Inequality

Global health crises
Environmental challenges
Immigration pressures, and crime.

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Description

Explore the historical aspects of capital punishment from 1859 to 1962, including notable cases and public opinions. This quiz delves into the moral and judicial debates surrounding executions and how media coverage influenced societal views. Test your knowledge on this critical issue in criminal justice.