Crime and Society Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary motivation behind white collar crime?

  • To expose illegal activities within corporations
  • To gain personal advantage or benefit the company (correct)
  • To engage in recreational activities online
  • To harm individuals for vendetta

Which of the following accurately describes corporate crime?

  • It is a term synonymous with individual fraud and embezzlement.
  • It focuses solely on financial gain and ignores physical harm.
  • It is primarily committed by non-white collar workers.
  • It includes deliberate acts by employees to benefit the corporation financially. (correct)

How does occupational crime differ from white collar crime?

  • Occupational crime involves rare instances of theft, whereas white collar crime includes frequent financial fraud.
  • Both types of crime are entirely unrelated in terms of their definitions.
  • Occupational crime is committed exclusively by high-ranking officials.
  • Occupational crime is performed by non-white collar workers through job-related opportunities. (correct)

What distinguishes cybercrime from traditional corporate crime?

<p>Cybercrime utilizes computer technology or the Internet as a means of committing the crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hacker is known for using their skills to cause harm for personal gain?

<p>Black hat hacker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of grey hat hackers?

<p>They hack into networks for personal gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the Criminal Code of Canada pertains to computer crimes?

<p>Section 342.1 and 430 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT part of the opportunity reduction approach to crime prevention?

<p>Judicial prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about punishment in relation to cybercrime recidivism?

<p>Prison sentences increase the chances of individuals re-offending. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a limitation of secondary prevention?

<p>Crime displacement and potential discriminatory practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been noted about the typical hacker in relation to law enforcement?

<p>They are often a step ahead of law enforcement officers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes tertiary prevention?

<p>It focuses on reducing the risk of victimization by repeat offenders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 2014 report by Fraser Institute indicate about the cost of crime?

<p>It rose from 42.5 billion to 85 billion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of restorative justice?

<p>To rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into their communities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle underlies the restorative justice model?

<p>The criminal offense is an offense to the victim and community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might restorative justice potentially deter white-collar (WC) offenders from reoffending?

<p>Because they are likely to feel remorse after directly engaging with victims (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge to the effectiveness of restorative justice for WC offenders?

<p>Victims may not be willing to participate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if restorative justice processes respect all parties involved?

<p>Reduced likelihood of future reoffending (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could hinder the restitution process in restorative justice?

<p>Identifying victims and their needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures a critique of restorative justice regarding white-collar crime?

<p>It may provide a platform for offenders to gain leniency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument in favor of the use of restorative justice for deterrence in white-collar crime?

<p>Community pressure may lead to greater accountability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

White-collar crime

Illegal activities committed by employees or officers of a company for personal gain or company benefit, often involving fraud or embezzlement.

Corporate crime

Illegal acts committed by employees to benefit a corporation's financial performance.

Occupational crime

Crimes committed by anyone in a job role, taking advantage of their position to defraud, embezzle, or steal.

Cybercrime

Crimes involving computer technology or the internet; can include hacking (by individuals like hackers).

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Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime

Crimes committed by respectable, high-status individuals in their professional capacity.

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Hacker Types

Hackers are categorized into 'grey hats' (personal gain) and 'suicide hats' (harmful without fear of being caught).

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Cybercrime Evolution

Cybercrime has changed significantly over time due to technological advancements.

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Computer Crime (Canada)

Canadian Criminal Code (sections 342.1 and 430) covers destroying, altering, or interfering with data.

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Prosecution Challenges

Cybercriminals are often young, educated, skilled, and ahead of law enforcement.

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Traditional Punishment

Traditional approaches focus on retribution (punishment) and rehabilitation (reform).

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Crime Deterrence Failure

Punishment often fails to deter repeat cybercrime, even with harsher sentences.

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Primary Prevention (Crime)

Addressing environmental factors that encourage crime, e.g., improving neighbourhoods.

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Cost of Cybercrime

The financial impact of cybercrime has increased significantly, reaching tens of billions (exceeding 42.5 billion).

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Restorative Justice

A mediation model emphasizing restitution and community participation to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into their communities, repairing relationships between victims and offenders, and their families.

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Restitution

The act of making amends or paying compensation for harm caused.

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Community Participation

Involvement of the community in the resolution and reintegration of offenders.

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Deterrence

The prevention of something, such as a criminal act, from happening.

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Reoffending

The act of committing a crime again after being convicted or punished for a previous offense.

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Stigmatization

The act of labeling someone negatively because of perceived flaws and often leading to discrimination.

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Remorse

Deep regret or guilt for having done something wrong.

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Study Notes

Crime and Society

  • Crime is a broad topic, encompassing many forms of illegal activity.
  • White-collar crime involves illegal actions by company employees or officers, often for personal or corporate gain. Examples include fraud and embezzlement. These crimes are often committed by individuals of high social standing within their occupations.
  • Corporate crime refers to illegal activities carried out by employees to benefit the financial performance of corporations. This can include deliberate actions that cause harm or injuries, not just financial losses
  • Occupational crime involves using one's occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement, and theft. This encompasses workers across various positions. Non-white collar workers can also commit occupational crimes.

Cybercrime

  • Cybercrime is any crime that uses computer technology or the internet.
  • Hackers are individuals involved in cybercrime, and there are various types including:
    • Black hats: hack for personal gain, revenge or malicious purposes.
    • White hats: morally good intentions that may break into networks or systems for improvement or demonstration eg., finding vulnerabilities.
    • Grey hats: hack for personal gain, but without malicious intent.
    • Suicide hats: deliberately cause harm without regard for consequences or repercussions.

Controlling Crime and Restorative Justice

  • Traditional methods of controlling crime often focus on retribution and deterrence rather than rehabilitation. Punishment, while meant to deter, doesn't always stop repeat offenders.
  • The cost of crime continues to rise—a 2014 report from the Fraser Institute showed a significant increase.
  • Opportunity reduction strategies prevent crime through minimizing opportunities for criminal activity. These approaches include:
    • Primary prevention: addressing environmental conditions that generate crime.
    • Secondary prevention: identifying potential offenders and intervening before a crime occurs.
    • Tertiary prevention: stopping repeat offenders.
  • Restorative justice emphasizes mediation, restitution, and community participation to address crime. Its goal is to heal relationships between victims, offenders, and communities, rather than just punishment.

Role of the Police

  • Policing dates back thousands of years, evolving from early forms to modern structures.
  • The role of the police has changed dramatically over time, encompassing various aspects such as community engagement, maintaining order, and responding to criminal activity.

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Week 11 Crime and Society PDF

Description

Explore the various forms of crime, from white-collar to cybercrime. Understand how illegal activities like fraud, embezzlement, and corporate crimes impact society. This quiz will help you learn about different categories of crime and the individuals involved.

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