Creation Theories and the Big Bang

Study Notes

God is described as the Supreme Being who created the universe ex nihilo (out of nothing), as supported by religious texts.
The Big Bang Theory posits the universe began expanding 13.8 billion years ago; the model uses bread and raisins to illustrate the concept of galaxies within the expanding universe.

Begins from a "singularity," characterized by extreme density and temperature, allowing the formation of matter and antimatter.
As the universe expands, galaxies move away, evidenced by their recession, indicating the universe's expansion.
Light elements, such as hydrogen, helium, and lithium, formed shortly after the Big Bang through nuclear fusion.
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, is key evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory, as it is uniform in all directions and cannot be attributed to supernovae.

Proposed in 1948 by Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle, it asserts that the universe is eternal, with continuous creation of matter as it expands.
Contradicts the conservation of energy and mass; the detection of CMB radiation led to widespread rejection of this theory in 1965.

The universe expands and may eventually contract into a "Big Crunch," leading to another singularity and subsequent expansion known as the "Big Bounce."
Proposed by Richard Tolman, this theory suggests continuous cycles, but faces challenges from current physics regarding dark energy and the universe's potential end via a "Big Freeze" or heat death.

Explains solar system formation from a nebula consisting of gas and dust approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
Progresses through three phases: cloud collapse, protoplanetary disk formation, and the growth of planets with terrestrial planets having higher concentrations of metals due to proximity to the sun.

Dust and grains aggregated into planetesimals, which collided and merged to form planets.
Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) formed from dust around the sun, limited by the availability of metallic elements.

Encounter Theory suggests planets formed from materials ejected during interactions with other celestial objects.
Planetesimal Theory, initially supported by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton, is now largely discredited due to evidence against the necessary conditions for planet formation.

Proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys in 1918, this theory suggests planet formation resulted from a near-collision with a passing star that ejected material from the sun.
Challenges include the inability of hot gases to condense and the similar fates of materials in space after such interactions.