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Questions and Answers
What is the primitive stomatodeum?
What separates the stomatodeum from the developing heart?
How many branchial arches are there?
What is the basic structure of each branchial arch?
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What is the significance of the first pharyngeal arch?
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What derives from the maxillary process of the first pharyngeal arch?
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Which cartilage is derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
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Which muscle is derived from the second pharyngeal arch?
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What is the primary location of the mesoderm at the end of gastrulation?
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Which nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?
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Which of the following tissues is derived from the endoderm germ layer?
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What is the typical age range for surgically correcting a cleft palate?
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Which pharyngeal arch is associated with the constrictors of pharynx?
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What is the correct sequence of germ layers from outermost to innermost at the end of gastrulation?
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What is a characteristic feature of Mandibulofacial dystostosis (Treacher-Collins syndrome)?
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Which of the following tissues is NOT derived from the mesoderm germ layer?
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Which cartilage is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?
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What is often associated with cleft palate?
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Which pharyngeal arch is associated with the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
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What is a common feature of Acro-facial dysostosis?
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How many germ layers are present in the embryo at the end of gastrulation?
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What is Hemifacial microsomia characterized by?
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What may be associated with Nager syndrome?
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Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the sensory receptors in the 1st arch of the tongue?
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At which week of development does the distal tip of the tongue form?
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Which of the following muscles is derived from the head mesoderm and innervated by the vagus nerve X?
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What is the term for the congenital anomaly where the tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth?
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Which of the following structures is formed from the median tongue bud?
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Study Notes
Pharyngeal Arches and Pouches
- Form in the 4th and 5th weeks of development
- 5 arches (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) and 5 corresponding pouches
- Each arch consists of a 'bar' of mesenchymal tissue, lined on the outside by ectoderm and inside by endoderm
- Separated from each other by deep clefts on the outside and pouches on the inside
Branchial Arches Structure
- Cartilage, nerve, and artery components
- Ectoderm outside, mesenchyme in the middle, and endoderm inside
- Each arch has its own cranial nerve
First Pharyngeal Arch
- Gives origin to the bones of the two lower thirds of the face
- Divided into maxillary and mandibular processes
- Maxillary process forms the maxilla, premaxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of the temporal bone
- Innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
Tongue Development
- Multiple origins: foramen cecum, median tongue bud, and posterior tongue buds
- Innervated by multiple nerves: cranial nerve V (trigeminal), facial nerve VII, glossopharyngeal IX, and vagus nerve X
- Muscles from occipital somites (hypoglossal nerve XII) and head mesoderm (vagus nerve X)
Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages
- 1st arch: Meckel's cartilage (mandibular prominence)
- 2nd arch: Reichert's or hyoid cartilage
- 3rd arch: none
- 4th arch: none
- 6th arch: none
Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
- 1st arch: muscles of mastication
- 2nd arch: muscles of facial expression
- 3rd arch: stylopharyngeus
- 4th arch: constrictors of pharynx
- 6th arch: intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Craniofacial Development
- Derived from the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- Ectoderm forms epidermis and nervous system
- Mesoderm forms skeleton, muscle, dermis, kidney, gonads, and blood
- Endoderm forms gut, liver, lungs, thyroid, and pancreas
Pharyngeal Arch Defects
- Cleft palate
- Mandibulofacial dystostosis (Treacher-Collins syndrome)
- Acro-facial dysostosis
- Nager Syndrome
- Hemifacial microsomia (oto-mandibular syndrome)
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Description
This quiz covers the development of pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts, and their association with the embryonic development of the craniofacial region. It also reviews embryological anomalies and syndromes.
