AHE block 4 lecture 2: Parasympathetic and Visceral Sesnsory
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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of the parasympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus?

  • Preganglionic axons from nucleus ambiguus and CN X (Vagus) (correct)
  • Postganglionic fibers from thoracic sympathetic ganglia
  • Preganglionic axons from the sympathetic trunk
  • Postganglionic axons from cervical ganglia

    • Which of the following organs is specifically targets by the sacral parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Bladder (correct)

    • What effect does sacral parasympathetic flow have on smooth muscle in the bladder wall?

  • Relaxes the smooth muscle
  • Contracts the smooth muscle (correct)
  • Decreases blood flow to the bladder
  • Inhibits smooth muscle activity

    • What is the primary effect of sympathetic contribution in the pulmonary plexus?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does NOT receive innervation from sacral pelvic splanchnic nerves?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the preganglionic axons that innervate the pulmonary plexus?

    <p>CN X (Vagus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the digestive tract?

    <p>Increase smooth muscle motility and secretory activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ganglia do preganglionic axons from the sacral parasympathetic system synapse on?

    <p>Intramural or target ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal cord segments contain the preganglionic cell bodies for sacral parasympathetic outflow?

    <p>S2-S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic contribution to the cardiac plexus?

    <p>To promote vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Aid in processing nutrients and conserving energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of cranial parasympathetic nerves located?

    <p>Brainstem nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the control of the ciliary muscles and pupil constriction?

    <p>CN III: Oculomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the axons of the parasympathetic preganglionic pathway?

    <p>Long and myelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerve pairs synapse on parasympathetic cranial ganglia?

    <p>CN VII, CN IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives postganglionic axons from the otic ganglion?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers do cranial nerves begin as?

    <p>Mixed sensory and motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following target organs is innervated by CN X (Vagus nerve)?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length characteristic of parasympathetic postganglionic axons?

    <p>Short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the pterygopalatine ganglion?

    <p>CN VII: Facial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for stimulating tear production in the lacrimal glands?

    <p>CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Visceral motor to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is involved in stimulating submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?

    <p>Submandibular ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in the visceral motor innervation to the digestive organs?

    <p>Dorsal nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

    <p>Tear secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve's pathway includes the route A with a connection to the maxillary nerve?

    <p>CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function associated with parasympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Reduction in tear production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is specifically linked to the chorda tympani?

    <p>CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the communication of cranial nerves?

    <p>Cranial nerves can carry both sensory and motor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure monitors bronchoconstriction as part of the internal environment regulation?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the smooth muscle in the inferior esophagus and cardiac sphincter?

    <p>CN X (Vagus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve that contributes to the parasympathetic system?

    <p>CN VI (Abducens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parasympathetic activity promote in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the inferior mesenteric plexus, what is the origin of the sympathetic contribution?

    <p>Lumbar splanchnic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do preganglionic fibers travel to the celiac plexus?

    <p>From the splanchnic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of postganglionic axons from the hypogastric plexus?

    <p>Cause vasoconstriction and muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the activity between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions within the abdominal plexuses?

    <p>Sympathetic causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic causes vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the transmission of signals in the cranial parasympathetic system is true?

    <p>Preganglionic fibers originate in the brain and synapse in ganglia near target organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasympathetic Division

    • Active during times of nutrient processing, energy conservation, and return to homeostasis (anabolic)
    • Axons are not components of spinal nerves or their branches

    Cranial Parasympathetic

    • Preganglionic cell bodies are located in brainstem nuclei
    • Exit via cranial nerves
    • Synapse on parasympathetic cranial ganglia
    • Postganglionic axons project to target organs
    • Preganglionic axons are long
    • Postganglionic axons are short
    • Structures include the heart, eyes, lungs, digestive organs, and enteric nervous system (NS)
    • Communication occurs between cranial nerves

    Cranial Nerves and Parasympathetic Function

    • Communication between cranial nerves occurs, with nerves potentially receiving both sensory and motor fibers.
    • Nuclei for all Cranial Nerves (CNs) are located in the brainstem, except CN I and CN II.
    • Sensory and motor communication carried within CNs synapses on cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
    • CNs involved are III, VII, IX, and X
      • CN III (Oculomotor): Ciliary ganglia
      • CN VII (Facial): Otic ganglia
      • CN IX (Glossopharyngeal): Pterygopalatine ganglia
      • CN X (Vagus): Submandibular ganglia

    Sacral Parasympathetic

    • Preganglionic axons are long.
    • Postganglionic axons are short.
    • Structures include bladder, penis, rectum, and distal large intestine

    Spinal Contribution & Pathway

    • Preganglionic cell bodies for sacral parasympathetic are located in spinal cord segments S2-S4.
    • Exit via anterior roots of sacral spinal nerves.
    • Form pelvic splanchnic nerves from anterior rami.
    • Synapse on target or intramural ganglia connected to the specific organ.

    Effects of Sacral Parasympathetic

    • Increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the digestive tract
    • Contraction of smooth muscle in bladder wall
    • Erection of the clitoris and penis

    Cardiac Plexus

    • Originates from postganglionic axons from the sympathetic trunk, cervical ganglia (T1-T5).

    Pulmonary Plexus

    • Sympathetic contribution from sympathetic trunk (T1–T5), and postganglionic fibers travel to thoracic sympathetic ganglia. This contributes to bronchodilation and reduces mucus secretion.
    • Parasympathetic contribution from the dorsal nucleus and CN X (vagus). This leads to bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion, and vasodilation in pulmonary vessels.

    Esophageal Plexus

    • Receives no sympathetic input.
    • Parasympathetic input from CN X (vagus) to innervate the smooth muscle in the inferior esophagus and cardiac sphincter (circular muscle/valve), promoting peristalsis.

    Abdominal Plexuses

    • Primarily interconnected through CN X (vagus).
    • Sympathetic contributions originates from T5-T12.

    Superior Mesenteric Plexus

    • Sympathetic contribution arises from least splanchnic nerves T10-T12.
    • Pathway transmits preganglionic fibers to the superior mesenteric ganglion.

    Inferior Mesenteric Plexus

    • Sympathetic contribution from lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2 spinal segments).
    • Preganglionic fibers synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

    Hypogastric Plexus

    • Sympathetic contribution from lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves (L1-L2).
    • Pathway: Preganglionic fibers synapse in the superior hypogastric ganglia and postganglionic fibers contribute to the inferior hypogastric plexus
    • Effect: Vasoconstriction, contraction of muscles (sphincter of bladder, anus), ejaculation, and remission of erection.
    • Parasympathetic contribution originates from pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4), and synapses near pelvic organs
    • Effect: Vasodilation, relaxation of muscles, and engorgement of the erectile tissue.

    Visceral Sensation

    • Integration in the CNS, triggered by visceral or somatic reflexes.
    • Regulate blood pressure and chemistry by altering target organ function (e.g., heart rate).
    • Most visceral sensations travel with parasympathetic fibers but pain impulses travel along side sympathetic fibers.
    • Conscious sensations are often poorly localized (cramps, fullness, nausea, hunger), often caused by spasms, contractions, or chemical irritants.

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    Parasympathetic and Visceral Sensory (AHE Block 4 Lecture 2) PDF

    Description

    Explore the functions and structures of the cranial parasympathetic division. This quiz covers the anatomical features, communication pathways, and the role of cranial nerves in the parasympathetic system. Test your understanding of how the parasympathetic division contributes to homeostasis and organ function.

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