66 Questions
Which cranial nerve carries the sense of smell (special sense)?
CN I
Which cranial nerves have their nuclei (cell bodies) located in the pons?
CN V, VI, VII
Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the intervertebral foramina?
CN X, XI, XII
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervation of the tongue?
Cranial Nerve XII
How do we test the function of Cranial Nerve XII?
Ask the patient to stick out their tongue and move it side to side
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing vision?
Occipital lobe
Which sensory pathway is responsible for touch, vibration, and proprioception?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?
Cranial Nerve VIII
Which cranial nerve is responsible for swallowing, taste, and innervation of a salivary gland?
Cranial Nerve IX
Which cranial nerve is called the vagus nerve and has functions in swallowing, vocal cords, and parasympathetic input to visceral organs?
Cranial Nerve X
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Cranial Nerve XI
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
Cranial Nerve II
Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movements?
Cranial Nerve III
Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensation over the face?
Cranial Nerve V
Which cranial nerve controls facial movements and taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Cranial Nerve VII
What is anosmia?
Loss of sense of smell
What is the function of Cranial Nerve I?
Vision (special sense)
What is the entry/exit point for the optic nerve?
Optic foramen (canal)
What is the function of Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI?
Eye movements (somatic motor)
What types of information are conveyed by cranial nerves?
Special sensory information, somatic motor information, somatic sensory information, motor and sensory information to/from structures that we cannot control or perceive
Where are the nuclei (cell bodies) that communicate to the cranial nerves mostly found?
In the brainstem
How do we test the function of Cranial Nerve I?
By assessing the sense of smell
What is the function of Cranial Nerve VIII?
Hearing and balance (special senses)
How do we test auditory acuity?
Whisper to patient
What is the function of Cranial Nerve IX?
Swallowing, sensation from the pharynx, part of the external ear, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, innervation of a salivary gland
What is the major function of Cranial Nerve X?
Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, parasympathetic input to visceral organs, sensation from visceral organs and some of the pharynx and external ear
What is the function of Cranial Nerve XI?
Innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
What is the function of Cranial Nerve XII?
Innervation of the tongue (somatic motor)
Which lobes of the brain are responsible for processing vision and sound?
Occipital lobe and temporal lobe
Which sensory pathway is responsible for touch, vibration, and proprioception?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
Which part of the nervous system carries the response to effectors?
Peripheral nervous system
Where are most neuronal cell bodies located?
Central nervous system
Which part of the brain is responsible for abstract thinking and planning?
Cerebrum
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing vision?
Occipital lobe
Which division of the nervous system relays a stimulus from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
Which component of the motor system is responsible for initiating and coordinating voluntary movements?
Central nervous system
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory information relevant to the motor system?
Central nervous system
Which of the following tests evaluates the function of the cerebellum?
Heel to shin movements
Which structure can be damaged in the corticospinal tract?
Precentral gyrus
What happens during the Romberg sign test if the dorsal columns are damaged?
The patient loses balance and starts to fall
Which part of the spinal cord is mostly composed of cell bodies of neurons that control skeletal muscles?
Ventral horn
Which sensory pathway is responsible for proprioception, vibration sense, and fast pain fibers?
Dorsal columns
Which motor pathway is responsible for fine movements of the extremities?
Lateral corticospinal tract
What is the function of muscle spindles?
To sense muscle stretch
Which structures lie below the cortex, close to the middle of the parietal and temporal lobes?
The Basal Ganglia
Which structures in the Cerebrum are responsible for refining motor planning and modulating emotion and memory formation?
The Limbic Structures
Which part of the brain compares information from receptors that sense joint position and movement, gravity and equilibrium, and adjusts movements formulated in the prefrontal cortex?
The Cerebellum
Which part of the brain is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and serves as a pathway for sensory information into the brain and motor information out of the brain?
The Brainstem
What are the major roles of the thalamus?
Relaying information from sensory receptors to the cortex and refining motor planning.
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controlling the endocrine system, regulating temperature, activity of the autonomic nervous system, and fluid balance.
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
Comparing information from receptors that sense joint position and movement, gravity and equilibrium, and adjusting movements formulated in the prefrontal cortex.
What are the major functions of the brainstem?
Hosting cranial nerve nuclei, serving as a pathway for sensory information into the brain and motor information out of the brain.
Describe the function of the ventral horn in the spinal cord.
The ventral horn contains mostly cell bodies of neurons that control skeletal muscles.
What are the functions of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord?
The dorsal columns are responsible for proprioception (joint/limb position), vibration sense, and fast pain fibers, which transmit sensory information to the brain.
Explain the pathway of the corticospinal tract.
The motor plan is formed in the prefrontal cortex, then activated in the primary motor cortex. The axons travel through the brainstem and cross over to the opposite side. Finally, the primary motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord are activated, leading to skeletal muscle contraction or modification of reflexes.
What is the role of proprioceptors in the motor system?
Proprioceptors provide important information about the position of joints, tension across joints, and tension in skeletal muscles. This information is essential for the proper functioning of the motor system.
What are the major anatomic structures of the central and peripheral nervous system?
The major anatomic structures of the central nervous system include the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
What are the components of the motor system and their roles?
The components of the motor system include upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, and muscles. Upper motor neurons initiate and coordinate voluntary movements, while lower motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, causing them to contract. Muscles are responsible for generating movement.
What are the components of the sensory system relevant to the motor system?
The components of the sensory system relevant to the motor system include sensory receptors, sensory neurons, and sensory pathways. Sensory receptors detect stimuli from the environment or within the body. Sensory neurons transmit signals from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Sensory pathways carry the sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
What are some tests used to evaluate the function of the cerebellum?
The tests used to evaluate the function of the cerebellum include finger-to-nose test, heel to shin movements, and assessment of gait.
What is the Romberg sign test used for?
The Romberg sign test is used to evaluate the function of the dorsal columns and sensory input from proprioceptors to the cerebellum and parietal cortex.
What is the pronator drift test used for?
The pronator drift test is used to assess the function of the corticospinal tract, which can be damaged in various conditions like stroke, trauma, demyelinating diseases, and tumors.
What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is responsible for most of our 'higher functions' including formation, storage, and retrieval of memory, speech and language, abstract thinking, math, planning and executing plans, perception, and voluntary movements.
What are the basic functional anatomies of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe?
The frontal lobe is responsible for simple movements, complex motor plans, motor aspects of speech, planning, abstract thinking, and social behavior. The parietal lobe is responsible for perception of touch, temperature, vibration, perception of limb position, memory, executive functions, and abstract reasoning. The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing, scent, taste, recognition of speech, and memory. The occipital lobe is responsible for vision and relating visual stimuli to 'actual things'.
What are the general statements about memory and its formation, attention, and storage?
Memory formation requires attention and structures that 'process' and form new memories. Attention is regulated by the prefrontal lobe. Memory 'processors' are the structures of the limbic lobe below the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and amygdala. Memories tend to be stored in the cortex 'close to' the sensation they're associated with.
Where are most neuronal cell bodies located and what are some exceptions?
Most neuronal cell bodies reside in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there are a few exceptions such as the dorsal root ganglia, which contain neuronal cell bodies for the axons that bring most sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the CNS, autonomic ganglia that help regulate the activities of the autonomic nervous system, and enteric ganglia that help regulate the activity of the gut.
Week 5 - clinical physiology 5 and 6 slides uploaded
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