Cranial Nerves and Functions Quiz

Introduction

• A question about any questions/remarks before the lecture is presented

Nervous System Anatomy

• The topic of the lecture is nervous system anatomy
• The lecture was given by Dr. Lavinia Carmen Uscătescu
• The date of the lecture is November 20th, 2024

Outline

• The central nervous system (CNS) including: cortical and subcortical organisation, the cerebellum, commissures, the ventricular system, cerebral blood supply, and the spinal cord
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) including: somatic vs. autonomic nervous system, sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system, and cranial nerves

Cortical and Subcortical Organisation

• Grey matter is largely composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
• White matter is largely composed of myelinated axons
• The cortex is the grey matter layer on the brain surface, derived from Latin (cortex): “bark of a tree”

Nervous System Subdivisions

• The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) encompasses somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS), which further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

The Meninges

• Meninges are the three membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
• Dura mater is the tough outer membrane
• Arachnoid is the middle membrane
• Pia mater is the innermost membrane
• The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• CSF also contains major blood vessels and cisterns

Meningiomas

• Meningiomas are encapsulated tumours that grow between the layers of the meninges
• They are usually benign and surgically removable

Meningitis

• Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, often involving the subarachnoid space, potentially impacting the brain
• Bacterial meningitis involves infection of CSF-filled subarachnoid space

Intracranial Haemorrhage

• Intracranial haemorrhage encompasses types like subdural, epidural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral haemorrhages

The Meninges in 3D

• A video lab discussing the meninges and brain dissections is referenced

Major Landmarks and Structures

• Gyri and sulci (folds and grooves) are detailed structural components of the brain
• The central sulcus relates to other names, such as the fissure of Rolando or Rolandic fissure

Brief Overview of Cortical Localisation

• A video lab covering cortical localisation is mentioned

Neuroscientists use Cortical and/or Subcortical Atlases

• Various atlases, like the DKT, AAL, Glasser, CPAC200, Schaefer maps, are utilized for parcellation in neuroscience

Functional Parcellations

• Functional parcellation dynamically adjusts with cognitive states, reliably across sessions and participants
• Parcel size correlates with cognitive task performance

Brodmann Cytoarchitectonic Atlas

• Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) identified 52 distinct brain areas based on cellular arrangement (cytoarchitectonics)

The Hemispheres

• The concept of contralateral (opposite side) versus ipsilateral (same side) wiring in the brain is presented

The Lobes of the Brain

• Key brain regions (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital) and their subdivisions, highlighted in terms of their development and functional pairings

The Banks of the Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure

• The lateral (Sylvian) fissure's structure and function in relation to the insula are described

Six Lobes

• Detailed view of the brain's six lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

3D Visualization Tools

• Resources for 3D visualization of parts of the brain (the whole brain, the Circle of Willis, brain stem) are referenced

Annotated Surface Neuroanatomical Images

• A tutorial is cited for labeled images in anatomy, with specific examples of brain and spinal cord images and areas

Frontal Lobe Sulci and Gyri

• Specific details about frontal lobe sulci (deep grooves) and gyri (folds)

Parietal Lobe Sulci and Gyri

• Details about parietal lobe sulci (grooves) and gyri (folds)

Temporal Lobe Sulci and Gyri

• Details about temporal lobe sulci (grooves) and gyri (folds)

Occipital Lobe Sulci and Gyri

• Detailed information on occipital lobe sulci (grooves) and gyri (folds)

Limbic Lobe/System: Primary Components

• Key structures within the limbic system (cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, amygdala) are detailed and linked to motivations

Limbic Lobe/System: Primary Functions

• Limbic system functions in refining motor output, sensory relay, and roles in motor activity, emotion, and memory

The Basal Ganglia

• The basal ganglia (caudate and putamen, collectively known as the striatum) are described, including their connections, functions, and roles

The Basal Ganglia in 3D

• A visual resource detailing the basal ganglia is referenced

The Cerebellum

• The cerebellum's function is explained.
• Its role in various brain-related activities is further explained.

Commissures

• The structure, function, and location of the corpus callosum, as a connecting band of nerve fibre, is highlighted

Commissurotomy and "Split-Brain"

• Roger Sperry's split-brain experiments are introduced

The Ventricular System

• The brain's ventricles (four ventricles), developed from the original neural tube lumen, are described.
• This includes ependymal cells and choroid plexuses

Localization of Ventricles

• A video describing the location of ventricles is cited.

Cerebral Blood Supply

• The arteries involved in supplying blood and oxygen to the brain and other related tissues. This includes major arteries like the aorta, common carotid arteries, and internal/external carotid arteries, and venous return.
• The vertebral arteries are similarly detailed.
• The circle of Willis is referenced.

Venous Return

• The pathways for venous blood return from the CNS to the circulation, including dural sinuses (superior sagittal, straight, and transverse sinuses), and jugular veins

The Aftermath of a Haemorrhagic Stroke

• Different types of strokes are briefly discussed

The Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord is detailed, along with its relations to the vertebral column and regions such as the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
• Enlargements like the cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement are described
• The cauda equina is described

The Spinal Cord in 3D

• A 3D visualization tool showing the spinal cord is cited.

Peripheral Nervous System

• A detailed description of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as an interacting component of the body's external and internal environment, including sensory and motor signals within the somatic and autonomic systems

Cranial Nerves

• The 12 cranial nerves, their functions, and a mnemonic are described

Additional Resources

• Various resources (including books, videos, and courses) are identified for a deeper understanding