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Questions and Answers
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste (sweet & salt) for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The Glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for taste (bitter) in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
True
What is anosmia?
Loss of smell
Which cranial nerve is affected if a person experiences diplopia?
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What does the autonomic nervous system manage?
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The cranial nerve responsible for neck and shoulder movements is the ______.
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What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
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What does catecholamine release include?
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What is the primary function of the Vagus nerve?
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Study Notes
Facial Function
- Facial expressions and taste perception: sweet and salty sensations are detected by the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Cranial Nerves Overview
- A total of 12 cranial nerves primarily located in the brain stem, specifically the medulla oblongata.
- Cranial nerve VII (Facial): Associated with Bell's palsy, impacting facial movement and expressions.
Specific Cranial Nerves
- Cranial nerve VIII: Acoustic/Auditory nerve responsible for hearing; conditions include hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.
- Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal): Responsible for taste (bitter on posterior one-third of the tongue) and the gag reflex; dysphagia can occur with absence of posterior taste.
- Cranial nerve X (Vagus): Involved in gag reflex and PNS activation; also associated with dysphagia.
- Cranial nerve I (Olfactory): Responsible for smell; anosmia indicates loss of smell.
- Cranial nerve II (Optic): Involved in vision; can result in blurred vision or blindness.
- Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor): Controls eye movement; anisocoria refers to unequal pupils.
- Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear): Also involved in eye movement; associated with nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movement).
- Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal): Has three branches (maxillary, ophthalmic, mandibular) for sensation and mastication; trigeminal neuralgia presents with pain or loss of sensations.
- Cranial nerve VI (Abducens): Controls eye movement; diplopia refers to double vision.
- Cranial nerve XI (Spinal Accessory): Controls neck and shoulder movement; weakness can result in inability to move neck and shoulders.
- Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal): Manages tongue movements; can cause tongue protrusion or deviations.
Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight or Flight):
- Activates catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine).
- Increases blood flow to the heart, brain, lungs, and skeletal muscles while decreasing gastrointestinal and bladder activities.
- Pupil dilation (mydriasis), increased heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are effects.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and Digest):
- Releases acetylcholine, leading to reduced body activities except in the gastrointestinal tract and bladder.
- Causes miosis (pupil constriction), decreased BP and HR, bronchoconstriction, increased salivation, diarrhea, and urinary frequency.
Major Disorders
- Increased intracranial pressure (ICP):
- Can result from strokes, tumors, inflammation (meningitis, encephalitis), trauma, cerebral edema, or hydrocephalus.
- Governed by the Monro-Kellie hypothesis which states that the cranial cavity is fixed in volume.
Brain Composition
- Brain mass constitutes 80%, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is 10%, and blood makes up the remaining 10%.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Calculated using the formula: MAP = SBP + (2 × DBP) ÷ 3
- Pulse pressure (PP) is determined by: PP = systolic BP - diastolic BP.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cranial nerves, specifically focusing on facial expressions and the sensory functions of taste. This quiz covers topics like Bell's palsy and conditions related to auditory functions such as hearing loss and tinnitus.
