Cranial Nerve VII - Facial Functions and Parts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of sensory function does Cranial Nerve VII - Facial have?

  • Motor sensory
  • General sensory
  • Visceral sensory
  • Special sensory (correct)

    • From which level does Cranial Nerve VII - Facial leave the brain stem?

  • Midbrain
  • Pontobulbar sulcus (correct)
  • Medulla
  • Pons

    • Where is the sensory nucleus of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial located?

  • Pons level
  • Upper part of solitary nucleus (correct)
  • Medulla level
  • Midbrain level

    • What is the intracranial location of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial before it enters the temporal bone?

    <p>Before it enters the temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the intermediate nerve carry for Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Taste, parasympathetic, and somatic sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial carries taste, parasympathetic, and somatic sensory fibers?

    <p>Intermediate nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are innervated by the somatic motor fibers of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Muscles of facial expression, buccinator, platysma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

    <p>&quot;Facial nerve proper&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the smaller root of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Intermediate nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve fibers are carried by the smaller root of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Sensory &amp; parasympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain does Cranial Nerve VII - Facial emerge from?

    <p>Junction of pons &amp; medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of facial nerve damage at supranuclear levels?

    <p>Central facial paralysis with weakness of muscles below the eyes on the contralateral side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is responsible for reflex lacrimation and emotional responses?

    <p>Lacrimal nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Greater petrosal nerve?

    <p>Supplies stapedius muscle and carries taste fibers from palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Facial nerve emerge from before passing laterally in the postcranial fossa?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and enters the infratemporal fossa?

    <p>Chorda tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the Superior Salivatory Nucleus carry?

    <p>Parasympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for supplying corticonuclear fibers to the muscles of upper face?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which structure does the Facial nerve enter the internal acoustic meatus?

    <p>Dura &amp; arachnoid covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nuclei forms a vertical column in the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Solitary Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle does the Chorda tympani supply?

    <p>Muscles of upper face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the reticular formation play in facial expressions?

    <p>Controls emotional responses related to facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands receive parasympathetic fibers from the Superior Salivatory Nucleus?

    <p>Submandibular, sublingual, nasal &amp; palatine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Greater petrosal nerve?

    <p>Supplies visceral (parasympathetic) motor fibers to the lacrimal gland and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the Facial nerve enter after exiting the temporal bone?

    <p>Internal acoustic meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers does the intermediate nerve carry for Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Taste, parasympathetic, &amp; somatic sensory fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the smaller root of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Nervus intermedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sensory nucleus of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial located?

    <p>Upper part of solitary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain does Cranial Nerve VII - Facial emerge from?

    <p>Pons level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which structure does the Chorda tympani pass to reach infratemporal fossa?

    <p>Facial canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nuclei forms a vertical column in the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Superior Salivatory Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and special sensory function?

    <p>Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facial nerve damage results in central facial paralysis with weakness of muscles below the eyes on the contralateral side?

    <p>Upper motor neuron damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the facial sensory nucleus located for tastes from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, floor of mouth, and palate?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is responsible for reflex lacrimation and emotional responses?

    <p>Lacrimal nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which structure does the facial nerve enter the internal acoustic meatus?

    <p>Dura &amp; arachnoid covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve carries taste fibers from the palate and parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal & nasal glands?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates Bell's Palsy from upper motor neuron facial paralysis?

    <p>Involvement of lower face muscles only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial carries parasympathetic fibers to submandibular, sublingual, nasal & palatine glands?

    <p>Superior Salivatory Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the stapedius muscle and contains taste fibers from the palate?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of cranial nerve damage at supranuclear levels?

    <p>Central facial paralysis with contralateral weakness of muscles below the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Solitary Nucleus in relation to Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Carries special sensory fibers for taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells form the myelin sheaths for the fibers of the optic nerve?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the optic nerve leave the orbital cavity?

    <p>Through the optic foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point of contact called where the fibers from nasal half of each retina cross midline and enter the optic tract of the opposite side?

    <p>Optic chiasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do most fibers from the optic tract terminate by synapsing with neurons?

    <p>Lateral geniculate body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure consists of 6 layers of cells on which axons of the optic tract synapse?

    <p>Lateral geniculate body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which area do some fibers from the lateral geniculate body project?

    <p>Pretectal area (light reflex)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers pass posteriorly in the optic tract?

    <p>Fibers from temporal half of each retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lateral geniculate body situated?

    <p>Posterior part of thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of some fibers projecting to the superior colliculus?

    <p>Gaze reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which part of each retina do fibers cross midline and enter optic tract of opposite side?

    <p>Nasal (medial) half including nasal half of macula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the optic tract emerge from?

    <p>Cerebral peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the optic nerve compared to peripheral nerves?

    <p>Is comparable to a ganglion instead of a tract within CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is responsible for primary visual processing and occupies the upper and lower lips of the calcarine sulcus?

    <p>Visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fibers that cross the median plane do so?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light is shone into one eye, resulting in pupillary constriction on the illuminated eye and the opposite, non-illuminated eye?

    <p>Direct and consensual light reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the brainstem control center for ipsilateral horizontal gaze located?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the accommodation reflex?

    <p>Convergence of ocular axes and pupillary constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a reflex gaze center?

    <p>Superior colliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when reading and in response to visual stimuli?

    <p>Automatic scanning movements of the eyes and head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the tectum located?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from destruction of the macula?

    <p>Central blindness with intact pupillary reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from compression of the optic chiasm?

    <p>Peripheral vision loss in both temporal fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions can result in cortical blindness with intact pupillary reflexes?

    <p>Lesions past the chiasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic result of lesions of the optic nerve?

    <p>Loss of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells form the myelin sheaths for the fibers of the optic nerve?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the optic nerve leave the orbital cavity?

    <p>Through the optic canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the optic nerve unite with to form the optic chiasma?

    <p>Optic nerve of opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lateral geniculate body situated?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some fibers from the lateral geniculate body project to?

    <p>Pretectal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of each retina do fibers cross midline and enter optic tract of the opposite side?

    <p>Nasal half of each retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light is shone into one eye resulting in pupillary constriction on the illuminated eye and the opposite, non-illuminated eye?

    <p>Light reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the smaller root of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial?

    <p>Intermediate nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Chiasma' comes from which Greek word meaning 'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi?

    <p>'Rho'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the axons of neurons within the lateral geniculate body?

    <p>Optic radiations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for primary visual processing and occupies the upper and lower lips of the calcarine sulcus?

    <p>Visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when light is shone into one eye, resulting in pupillary constriction on the illuminated eye and the opposite, non-illuminated eye?

    <p>Direct and consensual light reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fibers cross the median plane close to the cerebral aqueduct in the posterior commissure?

    <p>Optic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the eyes are directed from a distant to a near object, including medial recti muscles contracting and pupils constricting?

    <p>Accommodation reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a reflex gaze center and relays impulses to tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts and cranial motor nuclei?

    <p>Superior colliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of destruction of the macula?

    <p>Central scotoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does compression of the optic chiasm commonly result in loss of peripheral vision in both temporal fields?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain serves as the cortical control center for horizontal gaze?

    <p>Frontal eye fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is responsible for reflex lacrimation and emotional responses?

    <p>Facial nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of defects can lesions of visual radiations result in?

    <p>Cortical blindness with intact pupillary reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains superior colliculi and projects to the suprachiasmatic nucleus for circadian rhythms?

    <p>Tectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Facial nerves have different functions and pathways for muscles of upper and lower face

    • Corticonuclear fibers from both hemispheres supply muscles of upper face

    • Corticonuclear fibers only from opposite hemisphere supply muscles of lower face

    • Another pathway exists for mimetic or emotional changes in facial expressions, part of reticular formation

    • Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve):

      • Facial sensory nucleus: tastes from anterior 2/3rds of tongue, floor of mouth, palate
      • Facial parasympathetic nuclei:
        • Superior Salivatory Nucleus: submandibular, sublingual, nasal & palatine glands
        • Lacrimal nucleus: lacrimal gland, emotional responses, reflex lacrimation

    • Solitary Nucleus: series of purely sensory nuclei, forms vertical column in medulla oblongata, through its center runs the solitary tract

    • Facial nuclei: motor nuclei supplying muscles of face

    • Facial nerve courses through the skull: emerges from pons, passes laterally in postcranial fossa, pierces dura & arachnoid covering internal acoustic meatus, enters facial canal, turns abruptly posteriorly to course along medial wall of tympanic cavity, descends & exits temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen

    • Facial nerve branches:

      • Greater petrosal nerve: to stapedius muscle, contains taste fibers from palate, carries parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal & nasal glands
      • Chorda tympani: carries taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue, special sensory function, enters infratemporal fossa

    • Cranial Nerve VII affects various muscles in the face and glands, and is involved in both motor and sensory functions.

    • Facial nerve damage at supranuclear levels results in upper motor neuron signs, including central facial paralysis with weakness of muscles below the eyes on the contralateral side.

    • Bell's Palsy: a lower motor neuron facial palsy, characterized by paralysis of the muscles of the affected side.

    • Facial nerves have different functions and pathways for muscles of upper and lower face

    • Corticonuclear fibers from both hemispheres supply muscles of upper face

    • Corticonuclear fibers only from opposite hemisphere supply muscles of lower face

    • Another pathway exists for mimetic or emotional changes in facial expressions, part of reticular formation

    • Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve):

      • Facial sensory nucleus: tastes from anterior 2/3rds of tongue, floor of mouth, palate
      • Facial parasympathetic nuclei:
        • Superior Salivatory Nucleus: submandibular, sublingual, nasal & palatine glands
        • Lacrimal nucleus: lacrimal gland, emotional responses, reflex lacrimation

    • Solitary Nucleus: series of purely sensory nuclei, forms vertical column in medulla oblongata, through its center runs the solitary tract

    • Facial nuclei: motor nuclei supplying muscles of face

    • Facial nerve courses through the skull: emerges from pons, passes laterally in postcranial fossa, pierces dura & arachnoid covering internal acoustic meatus, enters facial canal, turns abruptly posteriorly to course along medial wall of tympanic cavity, descends & exits temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen

    • Facial nerve branches:

      • Greater petrosal nerve: to stapedius muscle, contains taste fibers from palate, carries parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal & nasal glands
      • Chorda tympani: carries taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue, special sensory function, enters infratemporal fossa

    • Cranial Nerve VII affects various muscles in the face and glands, and is involved in both motor and sensory functions.

    • Facial nerve damage at supranuclear levels results in upper motor neuron signs, including central facial paralysis with weakness of muscles below the eyes on the contralateral side.

    • Bell's Palsy: a lower motor neuron facial palsy, characterized by paralysis of the muscles of the affected side.

    • Optic radiations refer to the geniculocalcarine tracts, which are the axons of neurons within the lateral geniculate body.

    • The tract passes posteriorly and terminates in the visual cortex (area 17), also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann area 17.

    • The visual cortex, located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe, is responsible for primary visual processing and occupies the upper and lower lips of the calcarine sulcus.

    • Visual association cortices (areas 18 and 19) are adjacent to the visual cortex and are responsible for object recognition and color perception.

    • Direct and consensual light reflexes occur when light is shone into one eye, resulting in pupillary constriction on the illuminated eye (direct reflex) and the opposite, non-illuminated eye (consensual reflex).

    • Afferent impulses from the eye travel through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. A small number of fibers leave the optic tract and synapse on neurons in the olivary pretectal nucleus in the mid-brain.

    • Efferent: Pretectal neurons send axons to parasympathetic nuclei (Edinger-Westphal nuclei) of cranial nerve III on both sides, which synapse and send postganglionic fibers through the short ciliary nerves to the constrictor pupillae muscle of the iris, causing pupillary constriction.

    • Both pupils constrict during the consensual light reflex due to pretectal nucleus sending fibers to the parasympathetic nuclei on both sides.

    • Fibers that cross the median plane do so close to the cerebral aqueduct in the posterior commissure.

    • The accommodation reflex occurs when the eyes are directed from a distant to a near object. Medial recti muscles contract, causing the ocular axes to converge and the lens to thicken. Pupils also constrict to restrict light waves to the thickest central part of the lens.

    • Afferent impulses from the eye travel through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, and lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex. The visual cortex is connected to the eye field in the frontal cortex.

    • Cortical fibers descend from the frontal cortex, through the internal capsule, to the oculomotor nuclei in the midbrain, resulting in the oculomotor nerve traveling to the medial recti muscles.

    • Some descending cortical fibers synapse with the parasympathetic nuclei (Edinger-Westphal nuclei) of cranial nerve III on both sides, resulting in pupillary constriction.

    • The accommodation reflex is a convergence reflex, with an afferent pathway through the optic nerve, an afferent center in the visual cortex, an efferent center in the oculomotor nucleus, and an efferent pathway through the oculomotor nerve.

    • The corneal reflex occurs when the cornea or conjunctiva is touched, resulting in blinking of the eyelids.

    • Afferent impulses from the cornea or conjunctiva travel through the ophthalmic nerve to the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Internuncial neurons connect the motor nucleus of the facial nerve on both sides through the medial longitudinal fasciculus, allowing the orbicularis oculi muscle to close the eyelids.

    • Conjugate horizontal gaze is necessary for the eyes to move in coordinated, parallel movements to ensure the image projects to the same spot on each retina and prevent diplopia.

    • The frontal eye fields in each frontal lobe serve as the cortical control center for horizontal gaze. Axons from the frontal eye fields project to the brainstem and decussate to the contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) in the pons.

    • The brainstem control center for ipsilateral horizontal gaze is the PPRF. The abducens nucleus, embedded in the PPRF, projects to the lateral rectus muscle for abduction of the eye and to the medial longitudinal fasciculus for adduction of the contralateral eye.

    • Automatic scanning movements of the eyes and head occur when reading and in response to visual stimuli. Protective closing of the eyes and raising of an arm for protection are also visual reflexes.

    • Visual impulses follow the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts to the superior colliculi, which serve as a reflex gaze center.

    • Impulses are relayed to the tectospinal and tectobulbar (tectonuclear) tracts and to neurons of the anterior gray columns of the spinal cord and cranial motor nuclei.

    • The tectum, or dorsal part of the midbrain, contains the superior colliculi and projects to the suprachiasmatic nucleus for circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine function.

    • Destruction of the macula results in a central scotoma or blindness in the central part of the visual field. Lesions of the optic nerve cause anopsia, or loss of vision, and loss of the sensory limb of the light reflex.

    • Compression of the optic chiasm can result from pituitary tumors or meningiomas, leading to loss of peripheral vision in both temporal fields.

    • Lesions past the chiasm produce contralateral defects, while lesions of the visual radiations are more common and can result in cortical blindness with intact pupillary reflexes.

    • Some causes of lesions include optic neuritis, central retinal artery occlusion, internal carotid artery aneurysm, pituitary tumor, craniopharyngioma, middle or posterior cerebral artery occlusion.

    • Optic radiations refer to the geniculocalcarine tracts, which are the axons of neurons within the lateral geniculate body.

    • The tract passes posteriorly and terminates in the visual cortex (area 17), also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann area 17.

    • The visual cortex, located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe, is responsible for primary visual processing and occupies the upper and lower lips of the calcarine sulcus.

    • Visual association cortices (areas 18 and 19) are adjacent to the visual cortex and are responsible for object recognition and color perception.

    • Direct and consensual light reflexes occur when light is shone into one eye, resulting in pupillary constriction on the illuminated eye (direct reflex) and the opposite, non-illuminated eye (consensual reflex).

    • Afferent impulses from the eye travel through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. A small number of fibers leave the optic tract and synapse on neurons in the olivary pretectal nucleus in the mid-brain.

    • Efferent: Pretectal neurons send axons to parasympathetic nuclei (Edinger-Westphal nuclei) of cranial nerve III on both sides, which synapse and send postganglionic fibers through the short ciliary nerves to the constrictor pupillae muscle of the iris, causing pupillary constriction.

    • Both pupils constrict during the consensual light reflex due to pretectal nucleus sending fibers to the parasympathetic nuclei on both sides.

    • Fibers that cross the median plane do so close to the cerebral aqueduct in the posterior commissure.

    • The accommodation reflex occurs when the eyes are directed from a distant to a near object. Medial recti muscles contract, causing the ocular axes to converge and the lens to thicken. Pupils also constrict to restrict light waves to the thickest central part of the lens.

    • Afferent impulses from the eye travel through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, and lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex. The visual cortex is connected to the eye field in the frontal cortex.

    • Cortical fibers descend from the frontal cortex, through the internal capsule, to the oculomotor nuclei in the midbrain, resulting in the oculomotor nerve traveling to the medial recti muscles.

    • Some descending cortical fibers synapse with the parasympathetic nuclei (Edinger-Westphal nuclei) of cranial nerve III on both sides, resulting in pupillary constriction.

    • The accommodation reflex is a convergence reflex, with an afferent pathway through the optic nerve, an afferent center in the visual cortex, an efferent center in the oculomotor nucleus, and an efferent pathway through the oculomotor nerve.

    • The corneal reflex occurs when the cornea or conjunctiva is touched, resulting in blinking of the eyelids.

    • Afferent impulses from the cornea or conjunctiva travel through the ophthalmic nerve to the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Internuncial neurons connect the motor nucleus of the facial nerve on both sides through the medial longitudinal fasciculus, allowing the orbicularis oculi muscle to close the eyelids.

    • Conjugate horizontal gaze is necessary for the eyes to move in coordinated, parallel movements to ensure the image projects to the same spot on each retina and prevent diplopia.

    • The frontal eye fields in each frontal lobe serve as the cortical control center for horizontal gaze. Axons from the frontal eye fields project to the brainstem and decussate to the contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) in the pons.

    • The brainstem control center for ipsilateral horizontal gaze is the PPRF. The abducens nucleus, embedded in the PPRF, projects to the lateral rectus muscle for abduction of the eye and to the medial longitudinal fasciculus for adduction of the contralateral eye.

    • Automatic scanning movements of the eyes and head occur when reading and in response to visual stimuli. Protective closing of the eyes and raising of an arm for protection are also visual reflexes.

    • Visual impulses follow the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts to the superior colliculi, which serve as a reflex gaze center.

    • Impulses are relayed to the tectospinal and tectobulbar (tectonuclear) tracts and to neurons of the anterior gray columns of the spinal cord and cranial motor nuclei.

    • The tectum, or dorsal part of the midbrain, contains the superior colliculi and projects to the suprachiasmatic nucleus for circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine function.

    • Destruction of the macula results in a central scotoma or blindness in the central part of the visual field. Lesions of the optic nerve cause anopsia, or loss of vision, and loss of the sensory limb of the light reflex.

    • Compression of the optic chiasm can result from pituitary tumors or meningiomas, leading to loss of peripheral vision in both temporal fields.

    • Lesions past the chiasm produce contralateral defects, while lesions of the visual radiations are more common and can result in cortical blindness with intact pupillary reflexes.

    • Some causes of lesions include optic neuritis, central retinal artery occlusion, internal carotid artery aneurysm, pituitary tumor, craniopharyngioma, middle or posterior cerebral artery occlusion.

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    Test your knowledge about the functions and parts of Cranial Nerve VII - Facial, including sensory and motor functions, nuclei, and intracranial and intratemporal parts. This quiz will challenge your understanding of this important cranial nerve.

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