SEM_09_10_Cranial Nerve and Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structure develops from the cranial portion of the foregut within the head?

  • Stomodeum
  • Gills
  • Pharynx (correct)
  • Lungs

    • What is the thin membrane called that constitutes the region where the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other?

  • Oropharyngeal membrane (correct)
  • Laryngopharyngeal membrane
  • Buccopharyngeal membrane
  • Tracheal membrane

    • At an early stage of development, what ruptures to open the communication between the pharynx and the oral cavity?

  • Oropharyngeal membrane
  • Gills
  • Lungs
  • Stomodeum (correct)

    • Where does the uppermost part of the foregut meet an external depression called stomodeum?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?

    <p>Narrows the opening of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are horses, rabbits, and rodents called 'obligate nasal breathers'?

    <p>They cannot breathe through their mouths under normal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome includes elongated soft palate as one of its components?

    <p>Brachiocephalic obstructive airway syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common procedure performed to relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?

    <p>Shorten (resect) the elongated soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?

    <p>Soft palate elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?

    <p>Excessive length of the soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do certain dog breeds with short noses or elongated soft palate suffer from brachycephalic syndrome?

    <p>&quot;Protrusion of tissue into airways&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rearmost portion of the soft palate during swallowing?

    <p>It remains fixed around the base of the epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the second pharyngeal arch give rise to?

    <p>Facial expression muscles and middle ear ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the pharyngeal muscles derived from the third arch?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fourth-sixth complex give rise to?

    <p>Laryngeal cartilages and laryngeal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures form from the first pharyngeal pouch?

    <p>Tympanic membrane and cavity of the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?

    <p>Thymus and parathyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the adult pharynx?

    <p>Respiratory and digestive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure derives from Reichert's cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch?

    <p>Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in terrestrial animals?

    <p>Their endodermal tissue forms derivatives while the pouches themselves disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the pharyngeal muscles?

    <p>Provides sensation to the tongue and pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngeal cartilages?

    <p>Fourth-sixth complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies most of the hyoid bones formed from the second arch?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures develop on the sides of the pharynx in the early embryos of vertebrates?

    <p>Pharyngeal or branchial arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells migrate around the pharynx and form discrete aggregations to give rise to the pharyngeal arches?

    <p>Neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the external surface of adjacent pharyngeal arches?

    <p>Pharyngeal clefts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?

    <p>Gill slits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terrestrial vertebrates, what happens to the pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches?

    <p>They degenerate and disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>External ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms from the first branchial cleft in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>External auditory meatus (ear canal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of external ear in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>First branchial pouch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result if the cervical sinus persists?

    <p>Formation of congenital cervical cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each pharyngeal arch have?

    <p>A cranial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to?

    <p>Mandible and soft tissues of lower jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first pharyngeal arch also form?

    <p>Mouth precursor (stomodeum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the separation of the digestive and respiratory passages?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is commonly performed to help relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?

    <p>Resection of elongated soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?

    <p>Narrowing the opening of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?

    <p>Soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?

    <p>Operculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?

    <p>Parathyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?

    <p>Vibration of soft palate and structures striking each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each pharyngeal arch have?

    <p>Nerve supply, muscles, and skeletal components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>External ear structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial embryonic structure that gives rise to the larynx and trachea?

    <p>Laryngotracheal groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the laryngotracheal tube from the esophagus during development?

    <p>Tracheo-oesophageal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?

    <p>Bilateral laryngeal swellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific feature of lung development is related to the gradual branching of the bronchial tree?

    <p>Formation of lung buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which germ layer does the larynx develop?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the tracheoesophageal fistula cause?

    <p>Lung infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which pharyngeal arch does the larynx and esophagus separate?

    <p>Fourth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the congenital anomaly characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus?

    <p>Tracheoesophageal fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oesophageal atresia result in?

    <p>Food entering the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Pseudoglandular period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does tracheoesophageal fistula lead to?

    <p>Breathing difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the larynx and esophagus during development?

    <p>Fourth pharyngeal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the trachea and esophagus in tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Tracheoesophageal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure controls the opening and closing of the larynx?

    <p>Epiglottic swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Feeding difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What terminates in a blind-ended pouch in oesophageal atresia?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?

    <p>Increase lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deficiency of pulmonary surfactant considered to be the principal cause of in premature individuals?

    <p>Respiratory distress syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the respiratory system during foetal development?

    <p>Amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prepares the respiratory muscles for breathing during the foetal period?

    <p>Movement of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to most of the fluid in the respiratory system at birth?

    <p>It is expelled through the mouth and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pulmonary surfactant in preventing lung collapse or closure?

    <p>Increase lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do a large number of terminal alveolar ducts and terminal sacs correspond to during lung development?

    <p>Alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decreases the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung?

    <p>Pulmonary surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell secretes surfactant to prevent adhesion of alveolar walls during development?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulmonary surfactant facilitate during inspiration?

    <p>Lung expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, from which germ layer does the laryngeal cavity lining, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds, originate?

    <p>Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What congenital anomaly is characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems?

    <p>Tracheoesophageal fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period in lung development is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Pseudoglandular period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, the laryngotracheal groove deepens and grows caudally until it becomes separated from the proper foregut by the formation of the:

    <p>Tracheoesophageal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What originates as an evagination of the endoderm along the caudal pharyngeal floor?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mesodermal swellings contribute to the formation of the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?

    <p>Arytenoid swellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells or membranous pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature individuals?

    <p>Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?

    <p>To prevent adhesion of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During foetal development, what fills the respiratory system and is considered an important stimulus for the expansion of the alveoli?

    <p>Amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • In the early embryos of vertebrates, a series of structures similar to gills, called pharyngeal or branchial arches, develop on the sides of the pharynx.

    • The pharyngeal arches begin to form during the fourth week of gestation, when neural crest cells migrate around the pharynx and form discrete aggregations of mesenchymal cells.

    • These aggregations give rise to the six pairs of pharyngeal arches, which protrude on the lateral aspect of the developing head.

    • The external surface of adjacent pharyngeal arches are separated by invaginations of the surface ectoderm called pharyngeal clefts. The interior of the pharynx sees the endoderm of the lateral wall evaginating between the arches to form pharyngeal pouches.

    • In fish, the pharyngeal arches and pouches persist as the adult gills, while the branchial membranes, which form between the pouches and clefts, degenerate, leaving behind gill slits.

    • However, in terrestrial vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches disappear, but their cells are used in the formation of various important organs of the head and neck.

    • The first branchial cleft, located between the first and second pharyngeal arches, contributes to the formation of the external ear. The auricle, or pinna, is derived from swellings on the first and second arches, while the external auditory meatus (ear canal) forms from the first branchial cleft.

    • The second, third, and fourth branchial clefts are temporarily enclosed inside of a transitory cervical sinus. If the cervical sinus persists, it may result in the formation of congenital cervical cysts, draining sinuses, or infested fistulae.

    • Each pharyngeal arch has similar components: a cranial nerve, an artery (one of the aortic arch), and specific skeletal and muscular components. The first pharyngeal arch, or mandibular arch, gives rise to the mandible, soft tissues of the lower jaw, and some of the major musculoskeletal components of the head and neck.

    • The first pharyngeal arch also forms the stomodeum, the precursor of the mouth, and the muscles of mastication, as well as some muscles of the middle ear and hyoid apparatus.

    • The larynx develops from the mesoderm, which forms the muscles and cartilages (arytenoid, thyroid, and cricoid) of the laryngeal wall.

    • The laryngeal cavity is lined by the endoderm, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds.

    • The epiglottal swelling, an additional midline swelling in the pharynx, develops into the epiglottic cartilage, controlling the larynx's opening and closing.

    • The larynx and esophagus separate at the fourth pharyngeal arch, with the trachea allowing air passage to the lungs and the esophagus continuing dorsally for digestion.

    • Tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly where the trachea and esophagus are connected, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems.

    • Oesophageal atresia is a condition where the esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch instead of connecting to the stomach.

    • The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi and further divides into the bronchial tree, providing passageways for air and trapping debris.

    • The bronchial system begins forming early in gestation and continues until the postnatal period, with the pseudoglandular period marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles and the canalicular period marked by the formation of the respiratory zone.

    • The larynx develops from the mesoderm, which forms the muscles and cartilages (arytenoid, thyroid, and cricoid) of the laryngeal wall.

    • The laryngeal cavity is lined by the endoderm, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds.

    • The epiglottal swelling, an additional midline swelling in the pharynx, develops into the epiglottic cartilage, controlling the larynx's opening and closing.

    • The larynx and esophagus separate at the fourth pharyngeal arch, with the trachea allowing air passage to the lungs and the esophagus continuing dorsally for digestion.

    • Tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly where the trachea and esophagus are connected, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems.

    • Oesophageal atresia is a condition where the esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch instead of connecting to the stomach.

    • The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi and further divides into the bronchial tree, providing passageways for air and trapping debris.

    • The bronchial system begins forming early in gestation and continues until the postnatal period, with the pseudoglandular period marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles and the canalicular period marked by the formation of the respiratory zone.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the cranial nerves and pharyngeal arch derivatives with this quiz. Learn about the innervation and development of structures such as the upper and lower jaws, middle ear ossicles, and muscles of mastication.

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