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Questions and Answers
Which structure develops from the cranial portion of the foregut within the head?
Which structure develops from the cranial portion of the foregut within the head?
- Stomodeum
- Gills
- Pharynx (correct)
- Lungs
What is the thin membrane called that constitutes the region where the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other?
What is the thin membrane called that constitutes the region where the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other?
- Oropharyngeal membrane (correct)
- Laryngopharyngeal membrane
- Buccopharyngeal membrane
- Tracheal membrane
At an early stage of development, what ruptures to open the communication between the pharynx and the oral cavity?
At an early stage of development, what ruptures to open the communication between the pharynx and the oral cavity?
- Oropharyngeal membrane
- Gills
- Lungs
- Stomodeum (correct)
Where does the uppermost part of the foregut meet an external depression called stomodeum?
Where does the uppermost part of the foregut meet an external depression called stomodeum?
What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?
What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?
Why are horses, rabbits, and rodents called 'obligate nasal breathers'?
Why are horses, rabbits, and rodents called 'obligate nasal breathers'?
Which syndrome includes elongated soft palate as one of its components?
Which syndrome includes elongated soft palate as one of its components?
What is one common procedure performed to relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?
What is one common procedure performed to relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?
During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?
During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?
What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?
What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?
Why do certain dog breeds with short noses or elongated soft palate suffer from brachycephalic syndrome?
Why do certain dog breeds with short noses or elongated soft palate suffer from brachycephalic syndrome?
What happens to the rearmost portion of the soft palate during swallowing?
What happens to the rearmost portion of the soft palate during swallowing?
Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?
Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?
What does the second pharyngeal arch give rise to?
What does the second pharyngeal arch give rise to?
Which nerve supplies the pharyngeal muscles derived from the third arch?
Which nerve supplies the pharyngeal muscles derived from the third arch?
What does the fourth-sixth complex give rise to?
What does the fourth-sixth complex give rise to?
What structures form from the first pharyngeal pouch?
What structures form from the first pharyngeal pouch?
What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?
What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?
What is the function of the adult pharynx?
What is the function of the adult pharynx?
Which structure derives from Reichert's cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch?
Which structure derives from Reichert's cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch?
What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in terrestrial animals?
What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in terrestrial animals?
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the pharyngeal muscles?
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve in relation to the pharyngeal muscles?
Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngeal cartilages?
Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngeal cartilages?
Which nerve supplies most of the hyoid bones formed from the second arch?
Which nerve supplies most of the hyoid bones formed from the second arch?
What structures develop on the sides of the pharynx in the early embryos of vertebrates?
What structures develop on the sides of the pharynx in the early embryos of vertebrates?
Which cells migrate around the pharynx and form discrete aggregations to give rise to the pharyngeal arches?
Which cells migrate around the pharynx and form discrete aggregations to give rise to the pharyngeal arches?
What separates the external surface of adjacent pharyngeal arches?
What separates the external surface of adjacent pharyngeal arches?
What forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?
What forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?
In terrestrial vertebrates, what happens to the pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches?
In terrestrial vertebrates, what happens to the pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches?
What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?
What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?
What forms from the first branchial cleft in terrestrial vertebrates?
What forms from the first branchial cleft in terrestrial vertebrates?
What contributes to the formation of external ear in terrestrial vertebrates?
What contributes to the formation of external ear in terrestrial vertebrates?
What may result if the cervical sinus persists?
What may result if the cervical sinus persists?
What does each pharyngeal arch have?
What does each pharyngeal arch have?
What does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to?
What does the first pharyngeal arch give rise to?
What does the first pharyngeal arch also form?
What does the first pharyngeal arch also form?
What contributes to the separation of the digestive and respiratory passages?
What contributes to the separation of the digestive and respiratory passages?
What procedure is commonly performed to help relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?
What procedure is commonly performed to help relieve symptoms of brachycephalic syndrome?
What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?
What is the role of the soft palate in determining the route of respiration?
During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?
During swallowing, what separates the nasal cavity from the pharynx?
What structure forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?
What structure forms between the pouches and clefts in fish?
What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?
What endocrine glands are formed from the endodermal epithelium of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches?
What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?
What does snoring indicate in relation to the structures involved?
Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?
Which nerve innervates the first pharyngeal arch?
What does each pharyngeal arch have?
What does each pharyngeal arch have?
What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?
What is derived from swellings on the first and second arches in terrestrial vertebrates?
What is the initial embryonic structure that gives rise to the larynx and trachea?
What is the initial embryonic structure that gives rise to the larynx and trachea?
Which structure separates the laryngotracheal tube from the esophagus during development?
Which structure separates the laryngotracheal tube from the esophagus during development?
What forms the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?
What forms the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?
What specific feature of lung development is related to the gradual branching of the bronchial tree?
What specific feature of lung development is related to the gradual branching of the bronchial tree?
From which germ layer does the larynx develop?
From which germ layer does the larynx develop?
What does the tracheoesophageal fistula cause?
What does the tracheoesophageal fistula cause?
At which pharyngeal arch does the larynx and esophagus separate?
At which pharyngeal arch does the larynx and esophagus separate?
What is the congenital anomaly characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus?
What is the congenital anomaly characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus?
What does oesophageal atresia result in?
What does oesophageal atresia result in?
Which period is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?
Which period is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?
What condition does tracheoesophageal fistula lead to?
What condition does tracheoesophageal fistula lead to?
What separates the larynx and esophagus during development?
What separates the larynx and esophagus during development?
What connects the trachea and esophagus in tracheoesophageal fistula?
What connects the trachea and esophagus in tracheoesophageal fistula?
Which structure controls the opening and closing of the larynx?
Which structure controls the opening and closing of the larynx?
What is a common symptom of tracheoesophageal fistula?
What is a common symptom of tracheoesophageal fistula?
What terminates in a blind-ended pouch in oesophageal atresia?
What terminates in a blind-ended pouch in oesophageal atresia?
Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?
Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?
What is the deficiency of pulmonary surfactant considered to be the principal cause of in premature individuals?
What is the deficiency of pulmonary surfactant considered to be the principal cause of in premature individuals?
What fills the respiratory system during foetal development?
What fills the respiratory system during foetal development?
What prepares the respiratory muscles for breathing during the foetal period?
What prepares the respiratory muscles for breathing during the foetal period?
What happens to most of the fluid in the respiratory system at birth?
What happens to most of the fluid in the respiratory system at birth?
What is the role of pulmonary surfactant in preventing lung collapse or closure?
What is the role of pulmonary surfactant in preventing lung collapse or closure?
What do a large number of terminal alveolar ducts and terminal sacs correspond to during lung development?
What do a large number of terminal alveolar ducts and terminal sacs correspond to during lung development?
What decreases the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung?
What decreases the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung?
Which type of cell secretes surfactant to prevent adhesion of alveolar walls during development?
Which type of cell secretes surfactant to prevent adhesion of alveolar walls during development?
What does pulmonary surfactant facilitate during inspiration?
What does pulmonary surfactant facilitate during inspiration?
During embryonic development, from which germ layer does the laryngeal cavity lining, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds, originate?
During embryonic development, from which germ layer does the laryngeal cavity lining, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds, originate?
What congenital anomaly is characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems?
What congenital anomaly is characterized by a connection between the trachea and esophagus, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems?
Which period in lung development is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?
Which period in lung development is marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles?
During embryonic development, the laryngotracheal groove deepens and grows caudally until it becomes separated from the proper foregut by the formation of the:
During embryonic development, the laryngotracheal groove deepens and grows caudally until it becomes separated from the proper foregut by the formation of the:
What originates as an evagination of the endoderm along the caudal pharyngeal floor?
What originates as an evagination of the endoderm along the caudal pharyngeal floor?
Which mesodermal swellings contribute to the formation of the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?
Which mesodermal swellings contribute to the formation of the wall of the larynx during embryonic development?
Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?
Which cells are involved in the gaseous exchange and account for more than 90% of the surface of the alveoli?
What is the principal cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature individuals?
What is the principal cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature individuals?
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?
What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant in the lung?
During foetal development, what fills the respiratory system and is considered an important stimulus for the expansion of the alveoli?
During foetal development, what fills the respiratory system and is considered an important stimulus for the expansion of the alveoli?
Study Notes
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In the early embryos of vertebrates, a series of structures similar to gills, called pharyngeal or branchial arches, develop on the sides of the pharynx.
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The pharyngeal arches begin to form during the fourth week of gestation, when neural crest cells migrate around the pharynx and form discrete aggregations of mesenchymal cells.
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These aggregations give rise to the six pairs of pharyngeal arches, which protrude on the lateral aspect of the developing head.
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The external surface of adjacent pharyngeal arches are separated by invaginations of the surface ectoderm called pharyngeal clefts. The interior of the pharynx sees the endoderm of the lateral wall evaginating between the arches to form pharyngeal pouches.
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In fish, the pharyngeal arches and pouches persist as the adult gills, while the branchial membranes, which form between the pouches and clefts, degenerate, leaving behind gill slits.
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However, in terrestrial vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches disappear, but their cells are used in the formation of various important organs of the head and neck.
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The first branchial cleft, located between the first and second pharyngeal arches, contributes to the formation of the external ear. The auricle, or pinna, is derived from swellings on the first and second arches, while the external auditory meatus (ear canal) forms from the first branchial cleft.
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The second, third, and fourth branchial clefts are temporarily enclosed inside of a transitory cervical sinus. If the cervical sinus persists, it may result in the formation of congenital cervical cysts, draining sinuses, or infested fistulae.
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Each pharyngeal arch has similar components: a cranial nerve, an artery (one of the aortic arch), and specific skeletal and muscular components. The first pharyngeal arch, or mandibular arch, gives rise to the mandible, soft tissues of the lower jaw, and some of the major musculoskeletal components of the head and neck.
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The first pharyngeal arch also forms the stomodeum, the precursor of the mouth, and the muscles of mastication, as well as some muscles of the middle ear and hyoid apparatus.
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The larynx develops from the mesoderm, which forms the muscles and cartilages (arytenoid, thyroid, and cricoid) of the laryngeal wall.
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The laryngeal cavity is lined by the endoderm, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds.
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The epiglottal swelling, an additional midline swelling in the pharynx, develops into the epiglottic cartilage, controlling the larynx's opening and closing.
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The larynx and esophagus separate at the fourth pharyngeal arch, with the trachea allowing air passage to the lungs and the esophagus continuing dorsally for digestion.
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Tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly where the trachea and esophagus are connected, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems.
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Oesophageal atresia is a condition where the esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch instead of connecting to the stomach.
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The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi and further divides into the bronchial tree, providing passageways for air and trapping debris.
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The bronchial system begins forming early in gestation and continues until the postnatal period, with the pseudoglandular period marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles and the canalicular period marked by the formation of the respiratory zone.
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The larynx develops from the mesoderm, which forms the muscles and cartilages (arytenoid, thyroid, and cricoid) of the laryngeal wall.
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The laryngeal cavity is lined by the endoderm, forming the laryngeal mucosa and vocal and vestibular folds.
-
The epiglottal swelling, an additional midline swelling in the pharynx, develops into the epiglottic cartilage, controlling the larynx's opening and closing.
-
The larynx and esophagus separate at the fourth pharyngeal arch, with the trachea allowing air passage to the lungs and the esophagus continuing dorsally for digestion.
-
Tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly where the trachea and esophagus are connected, allowing food or milk to enter the lungs and cause breathing problems.
-
Oesophageal atresia is a condition where the esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch instead of connecting to the stomach.
-
The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi and further divides into the bronchial tree, providing passageways for air and trapping debris.
-
The bronchial system begins forming early in gestation and continues until the postnatal period, with the pseudoglandular period marked by the development of small terminal bronchioles and the canalicular period marked by the formation of the respiratory zone.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the cranial nerves and pharyngeal arch derivatives with this quiz. Learn about the innervation and development of structures such as the upper and lower jaws, middle ear ossicles, and muscles of mastication.
