Cranial and Spinal Disorders

Approximately how much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced daily within the ventricles of the brain?

What occurs when the normal circulatory pathway of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked?

Hydrocephalus is characterized by:

A Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is used to treat hydrocephalus by:

What is the primary function of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt?

Plagiocephaly is best described as:

Which of the following best describes scaphocephaly?

Brachycephaly is characterized by which head shape?

Infantile Torticollis is often caused by:

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of infantile torticollis?

Klippel-Feil syndrome is characterized by:

A congenital high scapula is defined by:

Which of the following is a common characteristic of spondylosis?

What is a key characteristic of ankylosing spondylitis?

What is the primary characteristic of spondylolysis?

What is the main feature of spondylolisthesis?

A patient presents with a laterally angled spine and a hemi-vertebra. This condition is most likely to cause:

What pathological process underlies the neurological deficits observed in severe cases of prolapsed intervertebral discs (PID)?

A patient diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) exhibits postural changes that lead to restrictive lung disease. Which biomechanical change most directly contributes to impaired respiratory function?

A researcher is investigating the genetic basis of Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS). After sequencing the exomes of several unrelated KFS patients, they identify novel, rare compound heterozygous mutations affecting the same highly conserved residue within a gene crucial for somite segmentation. Which gene is most likely affected?

Approximately 5 liters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are produced daily within the ventricles of the brain.

Normally, CSF circulates freely around the brain and spinal cord before being reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Hydrocephalus results from an overproduction of CSF within the brain.

Plagiocephaly is characterized by a short and wide head shape.

In torticollis, the sternomastoid muscle may contract, causing the head to rotate and tilt to the same side.

Cervical ribs are a common cause of congenital scoliosis

Klippel-Feil syndrome is characterized by a long neck with full range of head movements.

Spondylosis is characterized by decreased incidence with age and increased spinal motion.

Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the cervical spine.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a spine inflammation which is caused by bacterial infection.

Spondylolysis is a condition where a vertebral body slips forward on the one below.

In a central prolapsed cervical disc, the impingement occurs upon the issuing nerve.

In prolapsed intervertebral disc, pain at the calf and leg outer side, and dorsum of foot (weak dorsiflexion) indicates involvement of the 2nd sacral root.

Tumors in the spine only affect the bone, not the nerves or spinal cord.

Sacralization involves an over development of the 5th lumbar transverse process.

A hemi-vertebra always results in severe scoliosis requiring immediate surgical intervention.

Kyphosis involves an increased anterior curvature of the spine.

Scheuermann's disease etiology suggests an excessive consumption of calcium during adolescence

Sciatica is caused by the irritation of one of three spinal nerve roots of the sciatic nerve.

Coccydynia, a painful condition of the coccyx, is frequently associated with progressive vertebral deformation.