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Questions and Answers

What sense is affected by aging and/or medication that affects appetite?

Taste

What is the medical term for difficulty swallowing?

Dysphagia

What lack of proper nutrition that results from insufficient food intake or an improper diet?

Malnutrition

What is one disease that can make swallowing difficult?

Parkinson's Disease Signup and view all the answers

How does the body use food to maintain health?

Nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What problems make chewing difficult?

Teeth Signup and view all the answers

When less of this is produced, eating and swallowing are affected.

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that influence food choices? (Select all that apply)

Religion Signup and view all the answers

What are the food groups that are found on the MyPlate icon? (Select all that apply)

Dairy Signup and view all the answers

What is calorie balance?

Calories that are received from food and drinks that you have eaten and the calories used up during normal body function and physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What are two things a person can do to eat less? (Select all that apply)

Enjoy your food Signup and view all the answers

What four food types should people eat more often? (Select all that apply)

Fruits Signup and view all the answers

What are three types of food that a person should eat less often? (Select all that apply)

Foods high in fat Signup and view all the answers

What are some foods that are high in sodium? (Select all that apply)

Fried foods Signup and view all the answers

What should be consumed instead of sugary drinks?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the dietary department?

The department prepares food in such a way that residents are able to manage. Signup and view all the answers

What information is found on the resident's diet card?

Special diets, allergies, likes and dislikes, and other dietary instructions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a guideline for how NAs should read menus to residents?

The NA should make selections sound appetizing. Signup and view all the answers

What does a clear liquid diet include?

Resident is drinking fluids that a person can see through. Signup and view all the answers

What is a low protein diet?

Resident has kidney or liver disease and is eating vegetables and starches, reducing protein intake. Signup and view all the answers

What is a high fiber diet?

Resident is eating whole grains and raw fruits and vegetables. Signup and view all the answers

What does a low calorie diet entail?

Resident is trying to lose weight. Signup and view all the answers

What is a soft diet?

Resident is making the transition from a liquid diet to a regular diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is a high protein diet?

Resident has a serious burn that is healing and is eating meat, fish, and cheese. Signup and view all the answers

What is a high potassium diet?

Resident is taking diuretics and eating bananas, oranges, sweet potatoes, and yams. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pureed diet?

Resident has trouble chewing and swallowing and cannot tolerate a regular or soft mechanical diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is a low sodium diet?

Resident has heart disease and is limiting his salt intake. Signup and view all the answers

What is a low fiber diet?

Resident has a bowel disorder and is decreasing intake of grains, dairy, and coffee. Signup and view all the answers

What is a full liquid diet?

Resident is consuming clear liquids with the addition of cream soups, milk, and ice cream. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mechanical soft diet?

Residents' food is prepared with a blender or food processor. Signup and view all the answers

What is a bland diet?

Resident has intestinal problems and is avoiding spicy foods and citrus fruits. Signup and view all the answers

What is a high calorie diet?

Resident is trying to gain weight after surgery or an illness. Signup and view all the answers

What is a low fat/low cal diet?

Resident has heart disease and is eating white meat, skim milk, and low fat cottage cheese. Signup and view all the answers

What is a diabetic diet?

Resident is counting carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gluten free diet?

Resident has celiac disease, and foods containing wheat flour are eliminated from the diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is a lactose free diet?

Resident cannot digest the sugar found in milk and other products, but is allowed soy milk. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vegetarian (lacto-ovo) diet?

Resident does not eat meat for ethical reasons, but chooses to eat eggs and dairy products. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vegan diet?

Resident doesn't eat meat, poultry, fish, eggs, or dairy products. Signup and view all the answers

Unintended weight loss may be due to a __ or an _ diet.

Medical, unappetizing Signup and view all the answers

Unintended weight loss puts a person at a greater risk for________.

Malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

It is important for an NA to _______ any weight loss they notice.

Report Signup and view all the answers

Staff may change special ________ orders due to weight loss.

diet Signup and view all the answers

Warning signs of unintended weight loss include residents having__ that don't fit properly or difficulty chewing or .

Dentures, swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Signs that a resident is malnourished include a feeling of____ throughout the body, weight loss, frequent_ and problems with ________.

coldness, infection, sleeping Signup and view all the answers

The nursing assistant should report any decrease in __________.

appetite Signup and view all the answers

The NA should ________ food to the resident's preference.

season Signup and view all the answers

The NA should check________ and meal trays to make sure residents are receiving the correct food.

diet cards Signup and view all the answers

The NA should talk about food being served in an ________ way.

appetizing Signup and view all the answers

When serving meals to a resident, the NA should ________.

Check the diet card and identify the resident before serving the meal tray. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can the NA promote residents' dignity during mealtime?

The NA should say positive things about the foods being served. Signup and view all the answers

What is a guideline that an NA should follow for helping residents during mealtimes?

The NA should respect residents' refusals to eat but report them to the nurse. Signup and view all the answers

In which position should a resident be for eating?

Sitting upright Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who has had a stroke and has a weaker side, what is recommended?

Feeding the resident on the unaffected side can prevent choking. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident with Parkinson's Disease, what should be done?

Use physical and verbal cues; feed the resident. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who is visually impaired, what is recommended?

Describe the position of the food with an imaginary clock; make sure to face the patient when feeding. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a resident eating too quickly?

Remind them to chew and ask them to slow down. Signup and view all the answers

If a resident bites down on a utensil, what should be done?

Ask the resident to open mouth; offer finger foods. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who cannot or will not chew food, what can be offered?

Offer soft foods; stimulate chewing by pressing on the edge of the lips. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a resident who doesn't stop chewing?

Ask the resident to stop chewing; offer small bites of food. Signup and view all the answers

If a resident holds food in his mouth, what can be done?

Remind the resident to chew and swallow his food. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who holds food in his cheek, what should be done?

Ask the resident to chew and swallow his food. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a resident with poor lip closure?

Remind the resident to close lips. Signup and view all the answers

What should be offered to a resident with no teeth or missing teeth?

Softer foods (thickened liquids or pureed foods). Signup and view all the answers

For a resident with dentures that do not fit properly, what should be offered?

Offer thickened liquids and a soft diet. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident with a change in vision, what is advised?

Describe food in front of the resident using the imaginary clock. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a resident with a protruding tongue or tongue thrust?

Use assistive devices such as special straws or cups. Signup and view all the answers

If a resident falls asleep while eating, what can help?

Place the resident in between two chatty ladies. Signup and view all the answers

What can be done for a resident who will not open their mouth?

Touch the lower lip with a spoon. Signup and view all the answers

If a resident chokes when drinking, what is a recommended action?

Use thickener in the liquid; remind resident to sit, not stand. Signup and view all the answers

What can be done for a resident who forgets to eat?

Remind him to eat; offer praise and encouragement. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who drools excessively, what should be ensured?

Make sure the patient is in an upright position and using proper posture. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident with poor sitting balance, what is advised?

Seat the resident in a chair with an armrest. Signup and view all the answers

If a resident tends to lean to one side, what is advised?

Ask the resident to place his elbows on the table; you can also use a wheelchair wedge. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident who tends to fall forward, what can help?

Using a geri-chair will help. Signup and view all the answers

For a resident with poor neck control, what should be used?

Use a soft neck brace to stabilize the head; placing a wedge cushion on the geri chair behind the head and shoulders. Signup and view all the answers

What causes dysphagia?

Problems with dentures. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of dysphagia?

Coughing during or after meals. Signup and view all the answers

Guidelines for preventing aspiration include?

Making sure food is swallowed after each bite. Signup and view all the answers

When a resident is dehydrated, he may have?

Cracked lips. Signup and view all the answers

What does an FF medical order mean?

The NA should encourage the resident to drink more fluids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of fluids that a person should drink per day?

64 oz Signup and view all the answers

How many mL are equal to one oz?

30 mL Signup and view all the answers

What should a NA do every time she sees a resident to help prevent dehydration?

Offer water; encourage fluids. Signup and view all the answers

Fluid overload occurs when more fluid _ the body than is from the body.

Enters, eliminated Signup and view all the answers

Fluid overload can occur when the heart _________ or lungs are not working properly.

kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of fluid overload include weight_, difficulty , and heart rate.

Gain, breathing, increased Signup and view all the answers

The NA should check for ________ of the ankles, feet, fingers, or hands.

Edema Signup and view all the answers

A _________ order means the person must limit the daily amount of fluids to a level set by the doctor.

Restricted Fluid Signup and view all the answers

Reasons for fluid restrictions include recent_, illness, a special , or having a feeding __.

Surgery, medical test, tube Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition and Fluid Balance

Aging and medications can impair taste, affecting appetite.
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing, which can complicate nutrition.
Malnutrition results from inadequate food intake or improper diet.
Parkinson's Disease can hinder the swallowing process.
Nutrition is the utilization of food to maintain health.
Dental issues, specifically problems with teeth, can make chewing difficult.
Saliva production is critical; reduced saliva can impact eating and swallowing.
Factors influencing food choices include religion, culture, and background.
MyPlate divides food groups into vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and dairy.
Calorie balance is the relationship between calories consumed and calories expended.
To help eat less, individuals can enjoy food and avoid oversized portions.
Increase consumption of vegetables, fruits, grains, and low-fat dairy.
Limit intake of foods high in fat, added sugars, and salt.
Common high-sodium foods include bacon, hot dogs, processed cheese, and fried foods.
Water is recommended over sugary drinks.
The dietary department prepares food that residents can manage effectively.
Residents' diet cards provide essential information on special diets, allergies, and preferences.
Menus should be read in an appetizing way to aid residents in making selections.

Diet Types and Recommendations

A clear liquid diet consists of transparent fluids.
A low protein diet is recommended for residents with kidney or liver diseases.
A high fiber diet includes whole grains and raw fruits/vegetables.
A low-calorie diet is intended for weight loss.
A soft diet is for those transitioning from liquids to regular food.
A high protein diet supports residents recovering from severe injuries.
A high potassium diet includes potassium-rich foods like bananas and sweet potatoes.
Residents unable to chew may require a pureed diet for easier consumption.
A low sodium diet limits salt intake for residents with heart diseases.
A low fiber diet is suitable for residents with bowel disorders.
A full liquid diet adds creamy soups and milk to clear liquids.
A mechanical soft diet features blended or processed foods for easier eating.
A bland diet avoids spicy foods and citrus for sensitive residents.
For weight gain after surgery, a high calorie diet is crucial.
Diabetic diets require carbohydrate counting.
Gluten-free diets eliminate wheat flour for residents with celiac disease.
Lactose-free diets allow soy milk for those who cannot digest lactose.
A vegetarian diet (lacto-ovo) includes dairy and eggs but excludes meat.
A vegan diet excludes all animal products.

Monitoring Nutrition and Hydration

Unintended weight loss may arise from medical or unappetizing diets.
Risks of malnutrition increase with unintended weight loss.
Nursing assistants must report any observed weight loss.
Special diet orders may be adjusted due to weight loss.
Warning signs of weight loss include ill-fitting dentures and difficulty swallowing.
Symptoms of malnutrition include feeling cold, frequent infections, and poor sleep.
The nursing assistant should alert the nurse of any decrease in appetite.
Food should be seasoned to individual preferences.
Diet cards and meal trays require checking to ensure accuracy.
Food should be described in an appetizing manner to residents.
It's essential to identify the resident before serving meals.

Assisting During Mealtime

Positively discuss the foods served to maintain residents' dignity.
Respect residents' refusals to eat yet report them to the nurse.
Residents should sit upright during meals for safety.
Feeding techniques for residents with weakened sides or disabilities should involve feeding from the unaffected side, using cues, and offering appropriate positioning advice.
Thickened liquids may prevent choking for residents who choke while drinking.
Monitor residents who eat quickly by encouraging slower chewing.
If a resident cannot chew, provide soft foods and stimulate chewing.
For residents holding food in their mouths, remind them to chew and swallow.
Proper posture can help reduce excessive drooling or choking risks.

Fluid Balance Management

Dehydration can lead to symptoms like cracked lips.
The FF medical order encourages increased fluid intake.
Recommended daily fluid intake is at least 64 oz (approximately 2 liters).
Fluid overload occurs when the body retains more fluid than it can eliminate, potentially straining the kidneys and leading to symptoms like weight gain or difficulty breathing.
An edema check is necessary for swollen areas in extremities.
A restricted fluid order limits daily fluid intake as directed by a doctor.
Reasons for fluid restrictions include recent surgery, illness, or specific medical tests.

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